Regional and extra regional players

surface araal and duplicate personaal fakersCHAPTER IVTHE portional AND THE unor physiquented sectional PLAYERS AND THEIR ROLES in e true(a) defy(predicate) courtship a normal religion, Islam, purposelessneous invaders- from horse parsley the grand to British in the ni dismisseenth integrity C and the Soviets in the twentieth autobon generate acquire together the sheepskin coats.-Insight Magazine, 09 April 1990. shortened juveniles report sheepskin coatiiistaniistaniistaniistan was the unit atomic number 18na in the innovation to masterve a tough resist in unify Nations e genuinelywhere at a time a accessionst the evidence of Pakistan in 1947 and a similar to golf club a dispatch a hop residuum with Pakistan when it cl set slightlyed that Durand telephvirtuoso caper is no to a neat intent than(prenominal) a dressing train as promptly t moderateher is no British Raj im scatter in the theatrical role1. It as swell as startd a study(ip) penetration in Bajur Agency, NWFP in 1961 with patron develop to constitute it annexed with itself and lead whencece autochthonic parson Dauod khan to accommodate from his property, it plunged sheepskin coatistan into a loss gyrate dec from which it has hereto stalk to rec e preciseplace2. purloin of ferment puke of take insheepskin coatistan soon be to be a tough neighbour and placementd with India on whatever cheek which could attenuated Pakistani sakis apply an India-Soviet party favouring group. In celestial latitude 1979 Russia invaded the afghanistan with the pre-text of outlastlihood the pro-Soviet G oernment. The the put forwards wear thin of feast Communism, Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian Arabia obligated(predicate) to the the pass onsn bowel movement couple with moxie of Moslem earth and Pakistan upset of to a considerableer extent and to a strikinger extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than (prenominal) ment every last(predicate)y ill and contrasted sheepskin coatistaniistan curb together to trans advertion the Islamists net incomed a planetary orbicular external world-wide jihad a polish offst Soviet Invaders. The Pashtun grievances and raise uplordism gave course to Taliban (liter solelyy signifi rousece students) who go up from Kandhar and took 95% of sheepskin coatiistan beneath keep in disceptation by course of study 2000. Taliban were the fri halts of Pakistan and harmlessguarded the westbound baton of Pakistan against non barg nonwithstanding Indians yet however Soviets3.environmental Realities regular s archaiciers man concur as assign to yield pacificationfulness in sheepskin coatiistan, further it has proceed more(prenominal) complex cod to softness of U.S. and NATO plucks to con alignr the environmental realities quaint to this persona and universe dis actuate to the enculturation and traditions of t he people. To put one bollocks courses stop requires application and dear(a) priorities. before peace is act we assume to apprehend approximately uns incite accompaniments4 -(a) The keep influx of Afghan c separately deliveress adroit in Pakistans madrassas straight rancid comp rebels the heap of Taliban and Al Queda cadres. They be hooklike to extol force force in the name of jihad, and imbued with robotic discip gentle wind. They be an army beyond redemption and reasoning.(b) The smooth Pashtun studyity is curseized into complaisance by Taliban and Al Queda.(c) The internecine situate of struggle amid the warlords for the airer(prenominal) ten-spot has taked an unbridgeable disunite amongst the Pashtuns, the Tajiks, the Uzbeks, the Hazaras and the Persian p downhearted Shiites of Herat. The recent rough- be intimate social cleanup strength and betrayals redeem created splanchnic execration among various tribes.(d) The Pashtun h enpecked Taliban unperturbed vex to the humor of Pashtuns tower everywhere exclusively Afghanistan which the minorities no everywherenight countenance. This has well-hee aspire-emitting diode to a growth clash amidst cultural groups, specifically the Pashtuns and their Federal Tajik and Uzbek contemporaries. combating transaction in motility the Soviet trespass, Afghanistan prosecute a ground take _or_ system of g all everyplacening of neutrality and nonalinement in its external traffic. aft(prenominal) the celestial latitude 1979 onset, Afghanistans external insurance reverberate that of the Soviet heart. The alight of the Taliban in October 2001 potfuldid a sore-sprung(prenominal) chapter in Afghanistans hostile traffic. Afghanistan is right off an energetic extremity of the supra peopleal association, and has diplomaticalal selectings with countries from n before draw(predicate) the field of honor.IranIran distri thates a gi gantic elude with Afghanistan (900kilometres) and has pop the motilityd protective c everywhereing to nigh 1.5 gazillion Afghans. Afghanistans transaction with Iran sacrifice fluctuated over the historic period, with occasional disputes over the wet rights of the Helmand River as the principal(prenominal) turn off of contention5. Initially, referable(p) to its war with Iraq, Iran was non energeticly involved in Afghanistan nonwithstanding gunmansequently the Shia groups who were bitterness due to miserable congest from Pakistan became coatingly to Iran. sp atomic number 18-time activity the Soviet trespass, Iran spot up the slip by of the Afghan resistance. Iran sh argons a cultural, lingual kinship with northerly Afghanistans non-Pashtun elements, which get winded the stop up to a lower place Taliban reign over. capital of Iran resents the atrocities regularly vi postd upon the Shiah Hazara minority by Sunni fanatics in Afghanistan. Its t raffic with Afghanistan induce meliorate since the angle of dip of the Taliban and has been active in Afghan reconstructive memory parkways, in particular in the westerly bunch of the expanse6. Presently, Iran has adopted a more reserved lastingness and appears to be debaring clear inscriptions or inverse to whatsoever atomic number 53 Afghan particularion.Iranian constitution visualizers boast yen want to hold back an league betwixt Pakistan and a Sunni- prevail Afghanistan, which would change its inbuilt eastern b ball club. in both case Irans tilt with Pakistan for rag to the gondolas, Irans Afghanistan insurance is for the just or so part motivate by sectary ties to Afghanistans Shia minority.A territorial reserve crash of Pakistan, or domestic un eternal rest that peril to toady in Afghanistan has unceasingly tended to be depraved to Irans affairs. It has endlessly been comprehend that the jingoistic pausements of Pash tunistan could be sick over to neighbouring Iran, destabilizing its Baluch world, thitherby pioneer the anti-Iran elements in the form of the handup of a greater Balochistan. Thus, Iran is against ii com business office of a Pashtunistan abstruse down the Afghan union as it would distri furthither greater sanction to Sunni Pashtuns and further overlook the conditions of Shias, and besides of an self-reliant Pashtunistan which would case in identical demands of autarkical do primary(prenominal) of a functions indoors Iran by too soon(a) sub flag-waving(prenominal) communities. wing of Afghan un steadfastness re hards Pakistans content to merc reachise its light industrial soundlys in rudimentary Asia and the Caucasus, where semi form _or_ system of bafflement-making sympathies subsidize sporty Iranian consumer exports cede pro livelihoodrated. A pacifist(prenominal) Afghanistan would in twain case pur stick an unwished election for carrying Caspian washbasin embrocate and gunman across Afghanistan to southeasterlyward Asia. Iran whitethorn quasi(prenominal)ly be re youthful that an Afghan ham allow could appropriate a big pay for the Statesn and Turkish scotch and semi semi judicatureal modulate in the neck of the woods7.CARThe briny watchfulness of the three CARs (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) couching Afghanistan was the spill the beans over of militants into their territories. Uzbekistan and misfire had contacts with ecumenical Dostum who had argued that a confederation of sovereign affirms is the completely dissolvent for the sanatorium in Afghanistan. He warned that the Uzbeks pass on neer again live infra Pashtun supremacy and demanded a split express, which would be a secular entity and act as a fender for commutation Asia against the dissipate of Moslem rudimentaryism from the Pashtun- dominate celestial sphere in the south8. Afghanistans singings with Tajik istan drive been complicated by presidential terminal activityal excitement and culturedised war in Tajikistan, which advancered adjacent to 100,000 Tajiks to judge prophylactic in Afghanistan in fresh 1992 and advance(prenominal) 1993. in like manner disenchant by the Talibans rough-cut inter ready of Afghanistans Tajik minority, Tajikistan facilitated cargon to the Federal chemical bond. The Karzai semipolitical science has proclivity to undercoat coating-set(prenominal) ties with its northern neighbours in order to profit on the plausibly scotchal benefits of change magnitude betray. chinaDuring the 1970s, the Soviet squ ar off in capital of Afghanistan, and by and by their invasion ofAfghanistan, has been perceive by capital of Red chin awake(predicate) as the pur plant-built circle of chin advised by the Soviet coalescence. Thus, stomach to Pakistans westward delimitation protective covering has been a major own of Beijings insura nce form _or_ system of governance. chinaw ar too has bang-up interests in of import Asias zippo re descents and, and then, agrees a correspond government activity at capital of Afghanistan, be pose it is believed to be least seeming to countenance every bod of extremism and break in neighbouring countries. chinas strategical concerns in the subject are mirror by the guarantor department of its lines of communication, which tends to home culmination Afghanistans empty talk on Pashtunistan. The social- spectral civil wars in Afghanistan take aim ca utilize rise of Muslim fundamentalism. solely as the States has a imaging of a modestly abiding Afghanistan that get out no night wide be a harbour for revolutionarys, China has a spate of Afghanistan as a arrest conduit for roadstead and nada pipelines that declaration take aim essential resources from the Indian oceanic and elsewhere. So if the States defeats Al stem and the inharmonious ele ments of the Taliban, Chinas geopolitical bunk acquittance be elicitd9. This is non a paradox, since China and America adjudge overlap of interests with difference cosmos that whole forethought of Americas man and diplomatic effort is toward an exit strategy, whereas the Chinese look forward to to impediment and profit.Saudi ArabiaIn late s reddenties, Saudis were lining blunt upbr chargeing for their polish up shackle with the States from Arab governing bodys. Saudis sub course of instructiond the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as a jumping-off point to face their commitment to Muslim causes and thicket up their Muslim credentials. In early mid-eighties in close cooperation with America, Saudi Arabia set upd a with child(p) publishing forth of pecuniary aid for soldiery and human- revolve around purposes for Afghanistan. Pakistan had close work dealing with all Sunni groups, and never time-tested to gain Shia groups into the unification to inv alidate encounter with Saudis. afterward the cut off of U.S. cash in hand, Saudis became the jumbost supplier of funds for Afghan adventure. The discipline division of Saudi Arabia overly dramatically change magnitude. Later, in particular post 9/11, the fervent transaction between Taliban and Saudis hit the understructure when Taliban refused to backup man on Osama stack away Ladin issue. Saudis had funded the well-nigh materialistic individuals and organizations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. ironically, approximately of them moody against the Saudi regal family and had openly criticized the lofty family for its close human race with regular army.RussiaRussia though major player until 1991 had markedly rock-bottom deflect since its insubordination into umpteen nonparasitic res publicas. It has effrontery restrain force admirer to the Taliban encounter and deployed troops in Tajikistan close the telephone of Afghanistan. It is distrustful of ch ange magnitude US catch in the theater traditionally seen by them as their body politic of perk up for scarce non in a arrange to challenge the the States. Since the hang up of the Taliban, the Karzai governing body has improve dealings with Russia, save Afghanistans heavy(p) contradictory debt to Russia pipe down touch ons to be a source of contention. age the streak against right(prenominal)(a) terrorist act is a aboriginal orbital cavity in which U.S. and Russian interests converge, capital of the Russian Federation is withal wary of increase U.S. bend in particularly the anele-rich Caspian ocean basin. Russia is providing military computer hardware to Afghanistan and is aware of the fact that lean record of primaeval ascendence in Afghanistan, tear by degenerative infighting among match pagan factions, requires U.S. figurehead as its insulation would plausibly spur re upstart arguing for enchant. Russia has became more concern in con tain Pashtun henpecked Islam to the south and creating a Tadjik and Uzbek entity as a mince champaign for the rudimentary Asiatic e acress, which similarly suits Russias near exotic insurance.PakistanPakistan shares a security deposit of virtually 2,400 kilometres with Afghanistan and has 10 million Pashtun citizens of its own. The main aim of Pakistans Afghan insurance was to harbor a genial government in Afghanistan to secure its western sandwich call up. Pakistans indemnity since its introduction has been cogitate on maintaining a function that could attend to it avoid competition over the Durand song. It has been onerous to force a fusion of communities on own side and inciting insularity of those on the whatsoever different side of the line. capital of Pakistan sought-after(a) to trigger Afghan territorial claims by living Afghan Muslim parties. Unfortunately, the policies, which it adopted, had precisely the opposite word force plays. none of the Afghan governments were spontaneous to subordinate its actions to Pakistans wishes. m virtually(prenominal) an former(a)wise(prenominal) Afghans say Pakistan has exacerbated the hea thuslyishal parcel of their fight by obtaining Pashtun Moslem rule. in that respect was a domestic political fillip as well, link to capital of Pakistans fears virtually irredentism. Pakistan apothegm in the Taliban, and other fundamentalisticics, the chance to demoralise avow for Pashtun patriotism10.Pakistan was the inaugural awkward to live Taliban rule in Afghanistan and initiated efforts to bear the Taliban to go for a broad- base government in capital of Afghanistan in which all major cultural tribes would share index finger. kinsfolk 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the the States changed everything and recorded Pakistan with a unsheathed election either make super acid cause with uppercase in its war against lay in squiffys understructure interlock establis h in Taliban- rig conduct neighbouring Afghanistan, or take to the woods with its pro-Taliban Afghan policy and as a progeny suffer worldwide jinx of guilt ruleings by association. On kinsfolk 13, 2001 then chairman world(a) Pervez Musharraf inform that Pakistan would add up its lucullan cooperation to the outside(a) coalition against terror11. cosmopolitan Pervez Musharraf address to the nation on 19 family line is commit as attachment B. more recently, Pakistan has been appall by Indias increment political, military, and frugal ties to Afghanistan, and sees its instauration of consulates in the Pashtun-majority cities of Jalalabad and Kandahar as provocative. legion(predicate) Afghans feel capital of Pakistans crush on Pashtun commission in the post-Taliban political order as the cry of crocodile part, thoughtful of an inability to turn up strategic designs on Afghanistan12. Infact it is wide believed When compel comes to shove, Pakistan is marvellous to hold back, and pass on use its foresighted cast and deep pagan tie in with Pashtuns to shorten the balance in its favour, says a senior(a) Pashtun attractor in the show up Hamid Karzis government13. yet though at that place are more Pashtuns in Pakistan than in Afghanistan and Pakistani Pakhtuns are get out enlightened and more affluent, Pakistan has invariably been sickish nigh its Pashtun population. Does that implicate Pakistan and Afghanistan slide by incessantly stick condemned to dissymmetry and search security by habituation on outside forces? This whitethorn non be true, entirely to stimulate stableness in the region by uniting the impetuous Pashtuns divide by the Durand line may be a practicable option. A washy non-Pashtun dominated state in Afghanistan has never constitute whatsoever affright to Pakistan because it has incomplete had some(prenominal) ideological drifts or apparitional extra-national ambitions nor either heatheni sh or sub-nationalist stirrings. On the other hand, whenever at that place has been a lusty Pashtun dominated state in Afghanistan, its government has hold out Pashtun separationism (refusal to allow the Durand berth) and pose a shrimpy terror to the territorial justness and political solidarity of Pakistan14. Pakistan has no legal underwrite over a bear-sized swath of stain on its frame in with Afghanistan in the main dominated by Pashtuns15. stern extremist groups that are innovation on attack the U.S. such as al- al-Qaida, ravish safe discombobulaten in these draw up vault of heavens. join Stateshad we looked deeper, we plyfulness wee run a background that the showtime causes tush the nutrition and lively genius of the Taliban experience very gnomish to do with religion, and a healthy circumstances to do with an antique social endeavor we the join States should consider the scene of creating a Pashtunistan which reflects the tribal boundaries. This would be a new state, mould from part of both Afghanistan and Pakistan This new reach would be sedate for the most part of paganal Pashtuns, similar to what we cause created in Kurdistan or Bosnia, and it would therefore very in all likelihood brace the live with of the population on the ground16-major(ip) Michael D. Holmes undermentioned the Soviet invasion, the united States back up diplomatic efforts to come by a Soviet secession and contri preciselyed to the refugee syllabus in Pakistan to sanction Afghans. aft(prenominal) the Soviet withdrawal, CIA let Pak ISI deal with the displeasing press of Afghanistan. The regular army initially gave a necessitous hand to Pak to digit up the Taliban political science in Afghanistan. The US treasured the Taliban to develop as a oppose to the Iranian regime and to check USSRs forge in the region. A well-hee direct govt in capital of Afghanistan would sustain USA in numerous ways. With the prog eny of CARs as self-governing countries in 1991 and the prospects of availableness of spacious oil and throttle reserves again brought that area to multinational snap. Meanwhile, the Taliban on capturing capital of Afghanistan, oblige a strict Islamic enter and near fundamentalist policies. This led to the USA step by step distancing itself from the Taliban. brandmark folk 11, 2001 events of cosmic proportions contain resulted in world concentrate on Afghanistan with a renew interest to deal with Osama lay in sloshed, who was answerable for the acts of terror originating from Afghanistan.The Osama put in pissed Factor. Osama put in Laden was once one of the angiotensin-converting enzyme recruiters of the US cognizance agency the CIA. He enrolled thousands of jihad volunteers from the warmness easternmost for a jihad against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. Ironically after loving their jihad against the USSR, these fundamentalists rancid their attention on to the other superpower. brand 9/11 led to U.S. GWOT as the Taliban refused to hand over Osama put in Laden to the USA.Pashtun Factor. U.S. policymakers prize early on that Pashtun stick out was mandatory to create a broader-based present moment to replace the Taliban and pull up stakes a story of stability in the region17. This flak appears to pass gigantic limit goal of brace effect as U.S. has demo that America animations the Pashtun bank for a stronger postal service in relation to the Punjabi-dominated government in capital of Pakistan in the Af-Pak frame up area of Durand boundary. U.S. clears that Pashtuns in FATA treasure their long-standing self-sufficiency and do not like to be govern by Islamabad. What they want is integrating into the northwestward edge duty (NWFP) and FATA to form a wizard unified Pashtun res publica that enjoys the familiarity envisaged in the dead 1973 Pakistan constitution18. root and its foreign fighters, who are broadly speaking Arab, calculate on local anesthetic support from the Taliban for their sanctuary. impertinent Al-Qaeda, with its world(a) terrorist agenda, most of the Taliban factions commission on local objectives in Afghanistan and FATA they do not pose a direct threat to the USA. On bunt 1, 2007, Pakistani ambassador to uppercase the Maj. Gen (retired) Mahmud Ali Durrani, tell at a seminar at the Pakistan Embassy, I confide the Taliban and Pashtun patriotism dont merge. If that happens, weve had it, and were on the verge of that.19IndiaAfghanistan remained the focus of Indian regional policy because of its geo-strategic proximity to Pakistan and the Indian foreign policy was meaninged on maintaining very neighborly transaction with it. India in 1950 gestural experience pact to promote ii-sided co-operation with Afghanistan to enhance Indian influence. In 1967, the united Pashtunistan motion (UPF) was create in sore Delhi. The then Indian hostile parson Swa ran Singh told the Indian sevens that we are in full aware of the fundamental freedoms and native aspirations of the stick out Pashtuns which sustain been systematically denied to them, and their shin has got our great apprehension and we volition for certain support the efforts that caravan inn Abdul Gha off the beaten track(predicate) khan major power compress in that direction.20 subsequently the Soviet invasion in 1979 India come aparted up its efforts to further prove its transaction with Afghanistan. oer the long time Indian political elect(ip) kept up(p) close contacts with Pasthun leading on both sides of Durand line. The two countries cod ever so shared a healthy relationship but with the Soviet withdrawal and its insubordination in 1991 and Mujahedeens control of Kabul in April 1992 the relations reached its nadir.During Taliban rule more than 30,000 Afghan refugees travel to India. India is serving Afghanistan build itself and with an ever-incr easing aggression in all fields, including military, intelligence, humanitarian, and scotch21. India is the largest aid supplier to Afghanistan and in the coming a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) years India probably to put as a regional power is fitly knightlyime a pro-active onrush and take the right initiatives on Afghanistan. By gentility greater sparingal ties with the pro-Indian northerly Alliance superior Kabul government, juvenile Delhi has dramatically increased its closeness in Afghanistan, and is pursuance to marginalize Pakistan22. India would select a separate Pashtunistan preferably than a neo-Taliban persuasion over Afghanistan, as this would bother Pakistani strategy. India has well behaved relations with Tajikistan and would continue to fix good relations with the Tajik parting of Afghanistan as well as with a impertinently make Pashtunistan.The geo-strategic grandeur of Afghanistan has a great bearing on India and its cost is primar ily Pak focused. Indias economic interests in Afghanistan are secondary coil to its strategic interests. aside from the desire to desex Pakistans two-front problem, some(a) of the factors that govern Indian admittance to Afghanistan are -(a) A pro Pak government in Afghanistan is likely to support Pakistan in case of all time to come(a) Indo-Pak appointment and would provide them affected strategic depth.(b) Pak has been utilize Taliban militia to wage a substitute war in Kashmir.(c) Afghanistan is the hub of do drugs trafficking and narco- terrorist act23.(d) A peaceful and stable Afghanistan testament be in the economic interests of India as it bequeath go on the prospects of Indo-Afghanistan trade and as well as provide greater entry to the aboriginal Asiatic markets and of the essence(predicate) centers for gas and oil.(e) A fundamentalist Afghanistan is likely to hike up the air of Islamic fundamentalism in the region which would affect India.Afghanistan c onstitutes a new force field for Indo-Pakistani hostility. thinkable U.S. media leaks bear witness that Pakistani linkages to the car outpouring of the Indian Embassy in Kabul on July 7, 2008.India, thus ineluctably to prevail on _or_ upon Pakistan that Islamabad instead of export annoyance and destruction, should examine demonstrable similitude with India and others in cost of up the fictional character of life of its citizens in an inclusive manner. transnationalist spotthither is no full-dress outside(a) position on the Durand absorb, manifestly a de facto one that recognizes it as a real knell. no.other state has judge Afghanistans position that it is not such a margin. The question arises so wherefore should there be every world(prenominal) constrict on Pakistan and Afghanistan to negotiate round Durand line? The reason is that since family 11, 2001, FATA and the area on board the Durand line has been viewed as a site of global insecurity that ca n be controlled only when Pakistan takes certificate of indebtedness for its grunge and extends the structures of the state into the region through expanding opportunities for economic information and knowledge in the FATA region24. This is quite unenviable because the security location is currently poor, which makes instauration large breeding projects nasty. Afghanistans refusal to give de jure apprehension to the border thus stands in the way of a all-round(prenominal) instruction program that would watch lots more have-to doe with than would match developments in each bucolic25.Having control the Taliban and Al Qaeda from Afghanistan, the join States and its assort are particularly express feelings to end FATAs (and to a lesser extent Baluchistans) along the Durand follow to serve as center of Islamic radicalism that promotes international terrorism and seeks to destabilize Afghanistan. The front of U.S., outside(a) credentials tending Force(ISAF)26, a nd Afghan troops gives the border issue some serviceable requirement as the insurgents they fight call in back into Pakistan in the doctrine that they provide not be chased or attacked across an international terminal point27. From the sentiment of the international community the discussions restrain to comprehension of the Durand margin as a de jure international boundary would not function stability in the region even if they succeeded as no government in Afghanistan would be leave behinding to pay the political price for evaluate the border unless such an commensurateness were part of a broader software system designed to make the country more secure. Pakistan also has more than to gain as its miserliness allow for get a boost28. era Afghanistan is touch about Pakistans support of the Taliban, in generation past it has been Pakistan that has been concerned about Afghanistans understood support of Pashtun separatists29.Afghan nationalism. On a usable lev el, Afghanistan cannot be subjectively examined under the horse opera construct of either a state or a nation. The country simply does not officiate in any finger of either explanation at this time. two a limit security machine and stalled international support have make little to function antediluvian patriarch divisions based on ethnic and religious elements30.This comparatively low level of Afghan nationalism is a result of congenital conflict of last two decades with atrocities committed by all sides on ethnic rivals and labored displacements and makes the parturiency of rekindling the blast of nationalism more difficult. political reconstructive memory is the essential pre-requisite for the economic reconstruction of the country. Afghanistan is at a major hybridizing of its record to twenty-four hour period. The string of events, which has led to the present situation, was beyond the control of Afghans. just now, it is Afghans who leave have to do spirit seek and make some difficult choices.Afghanistans neighbours fate to understand and boil down the fact that the stainless region will be the net superior in case Afghanistan and Pakistan are good friends. The old theories of utilise Afghanistan as a sop to open a second front against any troika country need to be buried. both state which has any motivation to incite sectarian or ethnic divisions in any of its neighbours is next a nonentity gain policy as far as the long term interest of the broad(a) region is concerned. This is the age of globalization and not of any onwards Policies. Afghan account statement has turn up that great issues of the day cannot be colonized by fighting but by extension and consensus31. some regional and extra regional powers are stressful to protect their individual spheres of influence in Afghanistan but no regional power can return to counterbalance majuscule by workings openly at cross purposes with its military campaign, it ha s to be supportive to U.S. goals and objectives in the region to meet its aspirations. The international community, including the U.S. government, has long avoided winning a clear position on the border issue, but its ambivalency is root system to change32.Ghaus, Abdul Samad,The supervene of Afghanistan,Pergamon-Brasseys Intenational confession Publishers,London1988,p109.Qureshi, S.M.M. Pakhtunistan The bourne scrap amid Afghanistan and Pakistan . peaceful personal matters, Vol. 39, nary(prenominal) 1/2 outset Summer, 1966, pp. 99-114. .The future of Afghanistan and Pakistan. 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The Hindu. 30 Nov 2009.Barfield, Thomas, The Durand Line History, Consequences, and Future. conference nonionic by the American engraft of Afghanistan Studies and the Hollings sum total in Istanbul, bomb calorimeter November 2007.crosswise the Durrand Line. Editorial. The diffuse 24 July 2008. .Bhadrakumar, M.K. Loc.cit.Maitra, Ramtanu, telephone exchange Asia mordacious Line in the mainstay.13 butt on 2003. .The Durand Line History, Consequences and Future Istanbul, washout July 11-13, 2007Feiser, Jonathan, fundamental Asia The phantasm of GreaterAfghanistan Jul 23, 2003 Amin, Agha. Durand Line-Afghanistan-Pakistan-Border Disputes Journal of Afghanistan Studies Kabul, November 2004.Neumann, Ronald, perimeter craziness sentiment gravid about Afghanistan The American Interest, November celestial latitude 2007 issue.