Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- Examining Pr

Prejudices ar most difficult to eradicate from the nubble whose soil has never been loosened or fertilized by education they bring on there, firm as weeds among stvirtuosos.CHARLOTTE BRONTE, Jane Eyre Prejudice is something which has affected e very(prenominal)one at one time or another. It is like examineing out a frost window and not seeing a clear picture. When people look through a frosted window they sometimes see a blurred vision of the world outside. Sometimes we see people as very different from ourselves when really they are just a very little bit different from us. We can even see mortal as an enemy instead of for who they really are. These narrow minded views in our society are prevalent, even though most of the time they are incorrect.To Kill a Mockingbird expresses many diverse pictures of prejudice the situations in any case show that prejudice can be conquered. aunt Alexandra will not allow Scout to play with Walter Cunningham because he is a poor boy. Aunt Alexandra shows her prejudice by not letting Scout play with somebody of a lower social status theyre good folk...

Analysis of Communication Barriers to Distance Education Essay

The implication of the parley in study and maintain- adviseion be best understood, when the types of talk among the participants touch on in surmount breeding and some link up conference theories be mastered thoroughly. The parley among the disciples and the inter form between the members and the content should non be underestimated even though the inter kind between the instructor and the student is a vital division of successful length education. If it is all all- meaning(a)(prenominal)(predicate) to attain success in instruct and statement, barriers between the vector and the pass catcher of the message should be eliminated. Consequently, all strategies of cultivation and teaching during the delivery of instruction should non reflect whatever barrier (Nasseh, 1997). Different types of communication ar employed in the net fit educational environment, such as Work in coaction with a teacher Work in collaboration with separate students Work in collaboration with online run through a mass media. Telecommunication technologies offer a forward-looking scope to the menti stard communication types. They blade it possible to travel beyond the physical outgo and time. Nevertheless, it is es moveial to investigate communication via telecommunication technologies in detail be brasss the communication theories link with education, mass media, classify interaction, association and skill differences of users, and the preferences and the use ability of the involved members. Hu homophile beings need to hit sound communication and establish hits in assure to survive. In opposite talking to, they need communication to leave connections and create trenchant intellectual, mend instruction and express feelings. therefore, the effectiveness of the communication is measured by the message sent and feedback received. Furthermore, peoples personal, affable and economic needs atomic number 18 likewise refering communicat ion. talk is a learnt activity and is beard by the media which forms a straddle between the sender and the receiver (Dimbleby, et al., 1992).The quality in communication and its do on peoples lives keep be improved at a time we clarify its meaning and overly the meaning of education which is the major fantasy on which a structured society is based. Communication is a bidding that includes linear, interactive and transactional plentys from incompatible perspectives barriers (man et al., 2003). One-way communication where the sender corporationnot shoot any feedback is the linear view. On the other hand, the interactive view is the initiation of a two-way communication which includes feedback as well as sign(a) communication, b arly it does not include simultaneous sending-receiving feedback that transactional view underlines. Therefore, when creating mutual understanding in communication physical, psychological and semantic barriers are all eliminated. (man et al., 20 03). As said before, communication is an important element of life. In pitch to increase productivity at work, organizations and schools should carry effective communication. This is more important when it comes to education which is a tool for the welfare of the society.People socialize via communication and thus perform desired behaviors. Because of these reasons, preventing the barriers in communicating will provide a clearer field of experience between the sender and the receiver. People should materialize shared points by analyzing our encoding, decoding stages and channel by eliminating our unfairness most the backgrounds in order to create meaningful understanding. There is no perfect tense communication this is almost inevitable and creating a answer communication assist is essential to create a permanent understanding especially in the teaching- instruction process and establishing reasonable communication to improve meaningful learning of the students. Today, e-lea rning or remoteness education are the result of engineering science. As a result, conventional teaching styles are transformed to applied science-based teaching. Distance education is a new trend in education which makes it possible for allone to learn better and provide options under the constructivist approach.Technological devices like audio cassette, telephone, compact disc, etc become a major necessity for outer space education. Students fuddle a more limber education chance because of place education. But, on the other hand, need of face to face jobber with teachers may result in a loss of motivation. Besides, there are many barriers in teaching and learning process of withdrawnness education (Galusha, 2001). Most mutual barriers are the unawareness of the roles as teachers and students. Studies show that the barriers of distance education fall into such categories as cost, motivators, feedback and teacher contact, student plunk for and services, delirium, pr etermit of experience and training. Moreover, due to the lose of teaching ab erupt their roles in distance education there is cogency and organizational barriers. In addition, course content on the other hand constitutes another(prenominal) barrier and should be modified in distance education (Galusha, 2001).Therefore, to create effective and drug-addicted distance education all barriers moldiness be realized and eliminated. There are some differences between the types of communication in distance learning and classroom-based learning. Firstly, due to resistance to change and anxiety season engaged in distance education, students and teachers suffer feed psychological problems. Technical barriers during communicating, on the other hand, can be experienced by students and teachers due to a lack of experience about engineering and they may flip semantic barriers in their communication by error announcements (Perreault, et al., 2002). Therefore, it is important to eliminate c ommunication barriers if qualified and effective distance education is aimed at.CHAPTER IIBARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONFor communication to be effective, senders must accurately communicate their intended message, and receivers must recognize and interpret the message accurately. Anything that gets in the way of the accurate transmitting and answer of a message is a barrier to effective communication. We should understand these barriers so that you can be aware of their existence and try to reduce their impact. We have identified the elements of communication as the communicator, the encoding, the message, the medium, the decoding, the receiver, and the feedback. If noise exists in these elements in any way, carry out clarity of meaning and understanding does not occur. The chase barriers to effective communication are frame of reference, discriminating listening, value judgments, source credibility, semantic problems, filtering, in-group language, status differences, pr oxemics behavior, time pressures, and communication overload. These sources of noise can exist in twain organizational and interpersonal communication theory.Barriers Created by the SenderThere are five special(prenominal) barriers created by senders of communication.1.Semantic ProblemsCommunication has been be as the transmission of information and understanding through the use of viridity symbols. Actually, we cannot transmit understanding. We can merely transmit information in the form of voice communication, which are the common symbols. Unfortunately, the same words may mean entirely incompatible things to diametrical people. The understanding is in the receiver, not in the words.Because unalike groups use words differently, communication can frequently be impeded. E.g. When your political boss tells you, We need to complete this project right away, what does it mean? Does we mean just you? You and your coworkers?Or you, your coworkers, and the boss? Does right away mean today, tomorrow, or next week? These are examples of semantic barriers. Semantics is the study of words.Thus, because words mean different things to different people, a communicator may speak the same language as a receiver but still not achieve the intended goal of the communication.2.FilteringFiltering, a common occurrence in upward communication in organizations, refers to the employment of information so that the receiver perceives it as positive. Filtering may involve deleting or delaying negative information or using less harsh words so the message sounds more favorable. For example, subordinates cover up unfavorable information in messages to their superiors. The reason for such filtering should be clear this is the direction (upward) that carries have got information to management. Management makes merit evaluations. Grants salary increases, and promotes individuals based on what it receives by way of the upward channel. The temptation to filter is plausibly to be r einforced at every train in the organization.3.In-Group LanguageOccupational, professional, and social groups practically develop words or phrases that have meaning unaccompanied to members. such special language can serve many useful purposes. It can provide members with feelings of belonging, cohesiveness, and (in many cases) self-esteem it can in any case facilitate effective communication within the group. The use of in-group language can, however, result in dread(a) communication breakdowns when outsiders or other groups are involved. Management, in this case, should provide communication skills training to affected individuals to facilitate effective communication between involved parties.4.Status DifferencesOrganizations often express hierarchical rank through a diversity of symbols (titles, offices, etc.). Such status differences can be perceived as threats by persons lower in the hierarchy, and this can prevent or distort communication. For example, not wanting to lo ok incompetent, a go down on may remain quietly instead of expressing an opinion or asking a question of the treat supervisor.5.Time PressuresThe pressure of time presents an important barrier to communication. Managers dont have time to communicate frequently with every subordinate. However, time pressures can often lead to far more serious problems than this. Short-circuiting is a failure of the officially prescribed communication system that often results from time pressures. What it actor is merely that someone has been left out of the formal channel of communication who would unremarkably be included.For example, suppose a salesperson needs a spate order for an important customer and goes forthwith to the performance manager with the request, since the production manager owes the salesperson a favor. Other members of the sales force who get word of this become upset over this preferential treatment and taradiddle it to the sales manager. Obviously, the sales manager would know nothing of the deal having been swindle circuited. In some cases, going through formal channels is exceedingly costly or even impractical from a practical standpoint. engage the impact on a hospital patient if a nurse had to report a critical malfunction in life live equipment to the nursing team leader, who in turn had to report it to the hospital engineer, who would instruct a staff engineer to make the repair.Barriers Created by the ReceiverIn some situations barriers are created by receivers.1.Selective ListeningIn this form of selective perception, the individual tends to block out new information, especially if it conflicts with existing beliefs. Thus, in a directive from management, the receiver notices only things that reaffirm his beliefs. Things that conflict with conceive notions are each ignored or distorted to confirm those preconceptions. For example, a notice may be sent to all operating departments that cost must be reduced if the organization is to earn a profit. The communication may not achieve its desired effect because it conflicts with the perceived veracity of the receivers. Thus, operating employees may ignore or be amused by such information in light of the whopping salaries, travel allowances, and spending accounts of some executives. Whether such preconceptions are justified is irrelevant whats important is that they result in breakdowns in communication. In other words, if we only turn around what we want to hear, our reality cant be disturbed.2.Value JudgmentsIn every communication situation, the receiver makes value judgments. This basically involves assigning an overall expenditure to a message prior to receiving the entire communication. Value judgments may be based on the receivers evaluation of the communicator, previous experiences with the communicator, or on the messages anticipated meaning. For example, a college professor, perceiving the department chairperson as not being concerned enough about t eaching quality, may consider a merit evaluation meeting with the chairperson as going through the motions. A cohesive work group may form negative value judgments concerning all actions by management.3.Source credibilitySource credibility is the trust, confidence, and faith that the receiver has in the words and actions of the communicator. The level of credibility that the receiver assigns to the communicator in turn directly affects how the receiver views and reacts to the communicators words, ideas, and actions. Thus, subordinates evaluation of their manager affects how they view a communication from her. This, of course, is heavily influenced by previous experiences with the manager. Again, we see that everything done by a manager communicates. coalescency leading who view management as exploiters and managers who view union leaders as political animals are likely to engage in small-minded honest communication.Barriers Created by the Sender and/or ReceiverSenders and/or rec eivers similarly create barriers in organizational communication. For example, there are three specific types of barriers.1.Frame of ReferenceDifferent individuals can interpret the same communication differently, depending on previous experiences that result in variations in the encoding and decoding processes. Communication specialists agree that this is the most important factor that breaks down the commonness in communications. When the encoding and decoding processes arent alike, communication tends to break down. Thus while the communicator actually speaks the same language as the receiver, the message conflicts with how the receiver catalogs the world. The indoor areas represent the accumulated experiences of the participants in the communication process. If they share a large area, effective communication is facilitated. If a large area is not shared if there has been no common experience then communication becomes impossible or, at best, highly distorted. Communicators can encode and receivers can decode only in terms of their experiences.Distortion often occurs because of participants differing frames of reference. Teenagers perceive things differently than do their parents college deans perceive problems differently than do faculty members. People in unlike organizational functions can also interpret the same situation differently. A business problem may be viewed differently by the merchandise manager than by the production manager. Different levels in the organization also have different frames of reference. First-line supervisors frames of reference differ in many prise from those of vice presidents. Their different positions in the organization structure influence their frames of reference. As a result, their needs, values, attitudes, and expectations differ, often resulting in unintentional distortion of communication.2.Proxemic BehaviorAn important but often overlooked element of nonverbal communication is proxemics, defined as an indiv iduals use of s pacing when interpersonally communicating with others. agree to Edward Hall, a prominent researcher of proxemics, people have four zonas of easy space spatial distances they maintain when interacting with others the intimate zone (from physical contact to 18 inches), the personal zone (from 18 inches to 4 feet), the social zone (from over 4 to 12 feet), and the public zone (more than 12 feet). For Americans, manager-subordinate relationships come in the social zone and progress to the personal zone subsequently mutual trust has developed. An individuals personal and intimate zones make up a private bubble of space that is considered private territory, not to be entered by others unless invited.Proxemics creates a significant communication barrier when the proxemics behaviors of the sender and receiver differ. For example, assume that, like most Americans, you stand in the social zone while interacting at a social gathering such as a cocktail party. However, in t he southwest American culture, a personal-zone distance is considered more natural in such situations. When a South American businessperson youre talking with at a cocktail party assumes a personal-zone distance, how do you feel? Typically in such situation, an individual feels so uncomfortable with the person standing too close that any verbal communication isnt heard. Conflicting proxemic behavior can also affect each individuals perceptions of the other you may view the South American as pushy and aggressive she may see you as cold and impolite.3.Communication OverloadOne vital travail performed by a manager is decision making. One of the necessary factors in effective decisions is information. The go away decade has often been described as the time when information technology radically changed the corporate landscape. Technology has great potential to improve both the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational communication. Because of the advances, the difficulty does n ot lie in generating information. Rather, manager often feel buried by a glut of information and data. As a result, people cant receive or adequately respond to all of the messages directed to them. They screen out the majority of messages, which in effect means that these messages are never decoded. Thus, in the area of organizational communication, more isnt always better.cross-cultural AND GENDER COMMUNICATIONLanguage is the most obvious cross-cultural communications challenge. Words are easily misunderstood in verbal communication, either because the receiver has a limited vocabulary or the senders accent distorts the usual sound of some words.Voice intonation is another cross-cultural communication barrier, because how loudly, deeply, and quickly we speak sends secondary messages that have different meaning in different cultures. Communication includes silence, but its use and meaning varies from one culture to another. In Japan, silence symbolizes respect and indicates that the listener is thoughtfully contemplating what has just been said. Similarly, Japanese people usually stop talking when they are interrupted, whereas talking over the persons speech is more common in Brazil and some other countries. Indeed, Brazilians are more likely to view interruptions as evidence that the other person is involved in the talk.Nonverbal communication represents another potential area for misinterpret crossways culture. Many nonconscious or involuntary nonverbal cues (such as smiling) have the same meaning around the world, but deliberate gestures often have different interpretations. For example, most of us shake our head from side to side to say No, but a variation of head shaking means I understand to many people in India. Filipinos raise their eyebrows to evanesce an affirmative answer, yet Arabs interpret this expression (along with clicking ones tongue) as a negative response.Men and women have similar communication practices, but there are subtle distin ctions that can occasionally lead to misunderstanding and conflict. One distinction is that men are more likely than women to view conversations as negotiations of relative status and power. They assert their power by directly giving advice to others (e.g., You should do the following) and using combative language. There is also evidence that men dominate the talk time in conversation with women, as well as interrupt more and adjust their language style less than do women.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThe following literature review shows work done by researchers. All are related with communication barriers to distance education and the importantcommunication theories which condone the airing of innovation with telecommunications, the knowledge gap between the members involved in distance education and the uses and gratification of the users of the mass media. According to Galusha(1997) distance education gives people (students) greatest possible control over the time, place and pa ce in education however, it has problems due to loss of student motivations since there is no face-to-face contact, startup cost and lack of faculty strengthener. Such problems are categorized into three main groups as student barriers, faculty barriers, and organizational barriers. Problems and barriers encountered by students are costs and motivators, the feedback and teacher contact, the student support and services, the alienation and isolation, the lack of experience, and training related.Barriers related with faculty are the result of the lack of staff training, the lack of support for distance learning, and the inadequate faculty selection for distance training. Barriers encountered by the organization are the infrastructure and technology related problems, and the present challenge. Heidi et al. (2002) examine the ideal combination of self-paced learning and interactivity is offered by distance education. Such learning requires online discussions, email support collaboratio n and interactive first appearance of the students. All of which are possible through a healthy communication between participants and design groups for overcoming barriers to a successful delivery of distance learning courses. Asirvatham(2000) points out that opportunity to educate work force for all companies and industries could not be always possible in a classroom-oriented learning automated teller for all to participate. Therefore, distance education becomes a powerful advantage to thrash great distance problems among the education institutions and people.Alternative ways oftechnology provide satisfactory tools to establish a healthy communication and interaction among members in distance education. And regardless of all its problems, distance education is a good opportunity to compete with traditional classroom format. Eisinger(2000) points out that that education showed an evolution from nut case and blackboard education to distance online learning activities. The study defines adult educators and the grandness of understanding learners autonomy as being instructors. In addition to this, there are some aspects like the lack of non-verbal cues which creates misunderstanding through the global interaction. Also, challenges to distance education are created due to the different needs and expectations of every learning environment. According to Berge (1998), impediments to online teaching and learning can be situational, epistemological, philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, technological, social, and cultural and include faceless teaching, fear of computers replacing faculty, diffusion of value traditionally placed on getting a degree, faculty culture, lack of an adequate time-frame to implement online courses.It is easy to go wrong when learning system is technologically advanced, there is resistant to change, and the lack of technological helper is present. The most critical barriers, as Berge found in his survey, appear related to persons r esistance to or fear of the many changes that must occur at the individual and organizational level, the lack of support for the ever-changing roles of students and teachers, and other barriers arising from difficulties in assessment. Berge (2001) also points out that toward the use of distance education organizations or administrations face different barriers. The study tries to find out if there is any unknown barrier to distance education which is different from technical and interaction problems. The emphasis of the research study is on designers or organizations of distance education and their reflective action to distance education. Muilenburg and Berge (2001) point out the fundamental constructs that comprise barriers to distance education in their exploratory factor outline research.The ten factors found are administrative structure, organizational change, technical expertise, social interaction and quality, faculty compensation and time, threat of technology, legal issue s, evaluation/effectiveness, access, and student support services. To determine these ten factors,they made a survey with cardinal four different barrier items to 2054 members, and concluded that some barriers overlap with one or more different factors. Truman (1995) concludes that the methods and techniques to accomplish learning will be the most important. Those that eliminate communication barriers confront by nontraditional learners or students. In her study, that the delivery system in distance education may not be so important, she discussed the important barriers like money, equipment, time, student information perceptions and their understanding how the technology itself shapes the information it carries to differentiate junk information from facts.Pajo (2001) finds that the different roles of personal and attitude wise barriers predict current use and incoming intentions to adopt web-based technology. Current use of the technology is closely associated with personal barri ers of those who lack competence in skills needed to use web-based delivery in their distance education. These personal barriers may hinder the individual from transferring his/her intentions into behavior. Leach and Walker (2000) lay out that the instructors feedback to students is vital in distance education for their self-evaluation, task orientation, instructor support, and flexibility. Also they point out that the amount of students experience with technology is directly correlated in determining if technology used in distance education is a barrier.All technology concerns must be minimized, and the programs offered must be designed accordingly if a successful online education is to be attained. Cucek(2001) in his research study on distance education students he asks questions to Boise State University students in order to measure students satisfaction with their distance education classes, perceived access to support services, and differences in their classroom behaviors in d istance education and traditional face-to-face classes.The answers are mainly concentrated upon main problems (barriers) to the successful completion of their distance education courses. Almost all responses are related to course issues, time issues, personal issues, administrative, and technical issues. Course related barriers are the lack of interaction, course structure and accessing resources. Barriers related with time were the lack of time, personal commitments, and course work that takes too much time. Motivation and self-discipline comprised personal issues. The lack of expertise made up the technical problems.Finally, administrative problems are related to cost, course availability, obtaining course materials, and administrative support.

International Financial System Essay

There argon roughly assumptions that the join States faces different economic reality than the rest of the world. The speech given over by Governor R. S. Kroszner given on September 1, 2008 is about the linked States in the International pecuniary System. He argued against the decoupling hypothesis and talked about the 2 puzzles in the international financial depicts of the United States. The situation with the housing retardant in the United States in the summer of 2007 affected also European money markets. It became harder to sell the houses for their original prices.Then turmoil emerged in financial systems around the world in the late summer of 2007. The mortgages taken in the United States were backed with an separate loans like car loans or scholar loans and then reinvested again. A lot of orthogonal investors bought those securities that created difficulties in money markets in Europe. At the beginning of 2008, the financial system in the United States attenuated the growth of gross domestic product and affected many acclivitous markets economies, reducing their growth and prospects for growth. Stock market declined sharply. The food and energy prices increase, and it created a concern of inflation.In other words, Governor wants to show that in that location is a connection between economies of different countries. It appears that a shock of one ground is affecting the economy of many others. According to him, the global economy the Great Compromiser closely connected by both trade and financial linkages. He summed up in short that one countrys imports atomic number 18 anothers exports. The weakness in one economy affects the enquire for the imported products that are the stimulus for the economy of the other country which exports these products. Financial account which consists of purchases and sales of assets is a major account.Global Financial linkages entangle not only the terminate international investment positions merely a lso the sizes of gross cross-b smart set claims and liabilities positions. There are enormous investments made by US residents and by foreigners. According to Kroszner, US liabilities to foreigners totaled more than than $20 trillion, olympian $140 percent of US GDP. US claims on foreigners totaled $17. 5 trillion, roughly 130 percent of US GDP. This statistics reveled by the FED stuff, indicates that there is a financial linkage between the countries around the world.As a result, more than two-third of U. S. liabilities are in the form of debt instruments, while half of U. S. claims are in equity securities and make investment. In other words, foreign investors invite attractive U. S. markets because of many factors like the Rule of Law, social and political stability, the gaze for private property, the uniform commercial code with the court system that piece of tail help to resolve disputes, the reliable open market, the safety and soundness of banking system, and at lon g last the transparency in pricing of securities.The next point of the Governors speech is about two puzzles. There is an assumption that the United States has the unbeknown(predicate) ways to have the higher returns on its investments. The U. S. residents have income of $90 billions more than the foreign investors on their investments in the United States. According to the governor, the answer lies in the returns, composition, and size of U. S. claims and liabilities. The return received on U. S. direct investment claims on the rest of the world is much badr than paid by U. S.on its direct investment liabilities to the rest of the world or any other assets. In short, direct investment appears to be a greater grant of U. S. claims than it is of U. S. liabilities. Moreover, the United States is not the only country that has a positive net investment income. United Kingdom has also a larger difference in the rate of return on direct investment claims and liabilities analyse to o ther countries. This fact proves that the U. S. residents exclusivelyocate their investments with a greater risk bounteousness and make more physical investments in other countries.Kroszner suggested that difference of $90 billion female genital organ be partially explained also by gilt tax laws that reduce their overall tax burden on their direct investments in other countries. Another puzzle was about the U. S. ability to suck up on better terms than the other countries do in order to finance their external deficit. The United States has huge account deficits over $3. 8 trillion. To finance the deficit U. S. needs to borrow abroad. According to the governor, U. S.net liabilities increased by only $600 billion, which is $3. 2 trillion less than the cumulated current account deficits. About $2. 4 trillion of this amount is because of valuation adjustments (capital gains) favoring us claims. The adjustments constantly occur because of the changes in asset prices and the U. S. currency which is considered to be the major spiritualist of convert on the market, about 66%. Besides the fact that the United States has the deficit since 1980s, the foreigners are still willing to invest in U. S. market.They can find it more attractive if the United States has the higher real interest. They happen such relation back facts like the real sustainable economic growth, the relative inflation rates, and Purchasing Power Parity in the long-run exchange rates. They might also choose to invest in certain securities because of personalised preferences and tastes. All these facts influence their decision making to invest in the U. S. market, but the key to resolve the second puzzle lies in differences in portfolio returns, composition, and size. roughly U. S. liabilities are debt securities, which bring small capital gains, while a large fraction of U. S. claims on the rest of the world are equity securities, which realize much larger capital gains. In other words, th e U. S. residents are pickings more risk when invest in the new emerged markets while the foreign investors make safe decisions to invest in the U. S. securities with displace risk and lower return like U. S. bond and bills. Because of global trading and financial linkages, all the countries are bounded together.

Having a Dream Becomes Reality Essay

Obstacles incessantly hinder tidy sum when they are trying to reach their goals, and those are expert ordeals to test their doggedness. In reliableity, nonhing can be obtained or achieved swimmingly without going through any difficulties, but once batch batter the obstacles they entrust achieve the desired goal. In the movie October Sky, directed by Johnston, is about a young man named Homer Hickam who grows up in Coalwood and aspires to become a miner like every male in the town. He becomes obsessed with build his own go ups after he witnesses an arranged satellite goes into orbit, and he achieves a wonderful goal pull down though he needs to overpower difficulties. However, his passion for build a real rocket makes him willing to take for granted risks and explore rising adventures sluice though he lead astrays several eras. There are legion(predicate) kinds of obstacles quite a little character in life, if I had not persuaded myself to move trying, my moo n of going to a discover college may not have come true. Indeed, successful mickle are never giving up their passion to achieve their desired goal even when they are encountering challenges. Accordingly, be adventurous, persistent, and never giving up can be the find out characteristics compulsory for making a dream come true.Adventurous people look for solutions to seek out the answers to the problems they do not understand. Most adventures have elements of uncertainty and idolatry surrounding them fear about an uncertain outcome can be a extensive deterrent to do adventurous activities. Adventurous people have a principalset that teaches them to seek out new events or activities that can be scary since they do not know what is going to happen, but that is where people need to go. People challenge the difficulties, which is how they can loll experience and surmount the obstacles. The main character from the movie, Homer Hickam likes to take risks and challenges himself by building a real rocket after he witnesses the Soviet Union successfully dunk the inaugural artificial satellite into orbit.Homer has never touched(p) a welding machine and has no idea how to build a rocket due to limited experience and no professional help. His amusing mind makes him studies the instruction books about building rockets. Homer tries so many cartridge holders to rebuild the rockets due to the die outure of launching. There is one time he even blows up his mothers garden fence, and as luck would have it no one gets injured. Moreover, when he and his friends test out their rocket at a wasteland, the rocket almost kills his neighbor, Leon Bolden. Even though Homer does not earn his fixs support, and launching is dangerous, he still likes to take risks and continues building rockets. Homers adventurous mind makes him successfully launch his real shapeing rocket into the sky finally.Nevertheless, having scarcely an adventurous mind is not enough to surmount obst acles being persistent is another key characteristic overcomes obstacles and makes dreams come true. In fact, persistence is the key to success because perseverance will take people a long way, but being willing to be patient while they achieve their goal will take them even further. Homer never discontinue his dream even when he is accused of having started a forest fire with a rocket that has gone(a) astray, and despite many launching failures, Homer still continues building his dream rocket. Although Homer does not get his fathers liberty to build a rocket in their basement, and his father throws his equipment away and prohibits him from doing such(prenominal) unrealistic activity, Homer never gives up even though his launches fail so many times due to his fathers demands.He finds a wasteland and starts building rockets with his friends hoping to go for a national acquaintance Fair. Moreover, Homer does not give up his dream after his father gets injured in the mine. He takes over his fathers work as a coal miner to support his family, and he quits his jobs immediately after his father recovers from injury. Furthermore, Homer proves that his rocket has not gone astray and started a forest fire by showing people where his rocket has exactly landed. Homers continuous trying eventually leads him to win the national Science Fair, and he receives a scholarship to go to college. Consequently, without Homers persistent mind that leads him keep trying new methods, his dreams would not have come true.Never giving up is the first way to overcome obstacles. People failing do not inculpate they cannot accomplish their dreams. Never giving up always gives them a back chance, they fail sometimes but it absolutely does not mean that they fail every time. Never giving up is my motto and is what I keep reminding myself to reach where I want to be. I was born in a small and remote village in China. Technological developments and education were comparatively poor in my v illage. As I grew up, I realized the sand in my parents emphasis on my education. I discovered that I was their only hope for a lifestyle change, so I decided to charter hard in format to help my family to have a better life. The language barrier was one of the difficulties I met when I immigrated to the US. It cost me a lot especially in my grades since I had an extremely difficult time in communicating with my classmates and my teachers.The effect was so immense that I even thought of quitting school at one time. All this negativity came heedless of my dream and promise. However, it completely changed when my parents came for a visit, which was due to a concerned chaffer about my poor grades. To my amazement and shock, my parents had changed significantly with a lot of ancient hair replacing with the black. Their thin bodies reflected on the efforts that they had sacrificed for my stay in school. ever so since that day, I have focused on surmounting any barriers. After a lo t of efforts, I finally secured a place in a college with a better reputation. Therefore, without having never giving up mindset I might not have a chance to go a college.No matter what impedes them from reaching a desired goal, successful people face difficulties instead of avoiding them. Obstacles give people a chance to get insight on many new aspects and even change their perspectives on many situations. Surmounting obstacles is an essential step people face in order to make their dreams come true. For instance, if Homer is not willing to take risks and challenging the difficulties, he cannot launch his real working rocket into the sky successfully. tenaciousness means continuing to work toward a goal even when it takes a long time, without persistent belief that leads Homer keeps trying new methods, his dreams of building a rocket would not have come true. Furthermore, if I did not keep reminding myself of never giving up, I probably cannot secure a place in a better college. All the examples listed above express that being adventurous, persistent, and never giving up are the key characteristics needed to conquer obstacles and make a dream come true.

Herpes Simplex Virus

herpes computer virus unidirectional virus Type 1 transmittal at the Molecular Level Research Paper Virology 24 November 2008 schema Herpes simplex computer virus lawsuit 1 (herpes simplex 1) contagion is widespread and gives signifi mountaint disease in humans. The structure, epidemiology, pathogensis and tolerant reaction ar examined in this review, as salutary as specific ways to reduce and pass along pathology and related diseases. The virus natur tout ensembley infects mucosal argonas and begins the search for its target innkeeper kiosk. Upon bandaging to the troops prison cellphone membrane via teams of glycoproteins, the virion is then phagocytosed.Soon the nucleus is seized and all regular array cell mechanisms argon shut off. Replication of herpes simplex 1 is specific encode immediate early, early and late genes. Once the virus comeback make is complete the virus exits epithelial cells near the set of transmittance through a process cognize as cell lysis. Sensory neurons are the specific target of herpes simplex 1, where it tin then extend to the trigeminal ganglia (TG) stoma via neuronal microtubular networks. Both innate and adaptational insubordinate sy pedestals respond to the transmitting with unhomogeneous antibodies, interleukins and interferons.Once the virion reaches the nervous system, the immune responses are otiose to detect it although they try to contain it as best they can. herpes simplex 1 enters a latent stage, usually via latent associated transcripts, not ca victimisation pathogenesis still otiose to fight off by means of the force immune system. pastime a stressful situation or similarly UV activation, herpes simplex 1 travels back slew nerve fibers to re-infect cells near the original internet place of transmittal. This process is known to continue throughout the lifespan of the infect individual, normally without fatalities.When the host immune response is unable to contain the virus in the TG, several(prenominal) associated diseases such(prenominal) as encephalitis and keratits result. Genes involved with virus replication and host genes, to eliminate the virus, book been maneuvered to cause reverse set up and are really utilize as antiviral drugs. Although no vaccine has been approved for use against herpes simplex 1, various attempts fork out been made. This research paper defines the virus transmitting at a molecular level as well as demonstrates modifications of the virus genes to cause reverse personal effects and investigates just a few of the diseases connected with herpes simplex 1.Introduction Herpes simplex viruses typeface 1 and 2 are well known members of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which cause lifelong, latent infection in humans. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) typically remains the cause of cold sores, gingivostomatitis, and hide lesions in the orofacial area, as well as many obsolescent still fatal condi tions (1). Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is chiefly associated with genital area infection. Worldwide, approximately one third of people screening clinical manifestations of HSV-1 infection (2).HSV-1 is neurotropic, infecting multiple cell types but establishing rotational latency in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). HSV-1 reactivates, in response to certain stimuli such as emotional or physical stress or UV light, and is enthralled along nerve fibers to mucosal or cutaneous regions (1). Infected cells betoken signs of the nucleus changing shape and nucleolus displacement with a constitution of multinucleated giant cells. Cells degenerate, lyse and vesicles of fluid containing the virus locate between the epidermis and cutaneal layer of the skin forming a lesion (2).Although HSV-1 infects a large serving of the population, few actually show symptoms of disease. HSV Structure and Genome HSV-1 is an enveloped double isolated deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) virus consisting of four elements. First, an outer envelope with glycoprotein spikes on its surface. Second, a hide layer including several viral proteins important during HSV-1 infection. Third, an iscosahedral mirid surrounding the last compartment, the electron opaque core containing the dsDNA genome wrapped as a spool. The envelope is made up of 13 different viral glycoproteins embedded in a lipid bilayer.The viral genome of 152 kb, encode the volume of the proteins of the mature virion. Covalently linked L (long) and S (short) components are broken down into unique long (Ul), flanked by ab and ba reiterate segments, and unique short (Us), flanked by ac and ca tell segments. Homologous recombination between terminal repeats results in four linear isomers at equimolar concentrations (see human body 1). All four isomers, including P (prototype), IL (inversion of the L component), IS (inversion of the S component) and ISL (inversion of both the S and the L component), encode 90 unique placement genes essential for viral replication (3).HSV Replication infection is first initialted by the attachment to the host cell glucosaminoglycans, usually heparin sulphate and chondroiton sulphate, with viral glycoprotein C (gC). This bond results in at least five glycoprtoeins, gB, gC, gD, gH and gL, attach to other cell surface receptors, such as Herpesvirus entry intercessor or nectin 1? or ? (4). Fusion of the viral envelope follows, and the de-enveloped tegument capsid is transported to the nuclear digests via the microtubular network, where DNA is released into the nucleus.Nuclear pore complex accepts the viral DNA from the capsid, minimizing the diffusion of DNA to the cytoplasm, and the transfer is completed by nuclear pore proteins (5). The viral genome circularizes upon entering the nucleus, and transcription of the five immediate early genes (IE) is make by the host ribonucleic acid polymerase II. Among the IE genes are ICP0, ICP4, ICP22, ICP27 and ICP47. Host transcript ion, RNA splicing and transport are inhibited during replication, known as host cell shut off. Early (E) viral genes encode enzymes in radical metabolism and viral DNA replication and require the presence of IE genes.Viral E gene products, including viral DNA polymerase, single-stranded DNA-binding protein, origin binding protein and DNA helicase-primase, assemble on the parental viral DNA and gelt DNA synthesis in replication compartments. Three DNA replication origins bind by viral origin-binding protein, separate the DNA strands and beginner viral DNA synthesis. Expression of the late (L) genes begins and produces structural components of the virion. Capsid assembly occurs in the cytoplasm and the associated proteins are then transported to the nucleus.Progeny DNA concatamers are cleaved into monomers and are inserted into the capsid. partitioning and packing of HSV-1 genome requires two cis-acting elements, pac1 and pac2. Next the nucleocapsid matures and egress by base on balls through the Golgi apparatus with the tegument layer and the virion envelope. (3) HSV Latency After infection of the mucosa or epithelial abrasion, HSV-1 enters sensory neurons near the turn up of infection and the tegument and nucleocapsid travel by retrograde axonal transport to cell neuronal soma releasing viral DNA and VP16, when the virus may enter lytic replication or the latent state.Lytic replication results in neuronal cell death as described above. (2,3) During latency the genome circularizes and enters a heavily chromatinated state where no infectious virus is produced and the majority of viral gene expression is silenced. Latency associated transcripts (LAT), mRNA genes, are the only(prenominal) transcripts piece in latent neurons (6). Expression of LATs is not absolutely required for care of latency. Reactivation triggers the virus to be transported in the opposite direction, antrograde, and re-infection occurs at the initial site of infection. HSV and the Immu ne SystemThe immune response to HSV-1 includes both innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate immunity is the first line of defense including native killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and various cytokines and attendant proteins. Initial response involves secreted proteins, such as defensins and complement proteins. Complement proteins bind HSV antigens resulting in the cleavage of complement molecules. This, followed by the formation of the membrane attack complex, destroys the virus. HSV gC blocks the complement cascade, counteracting the effects of complement.The adaptive immune response is triggered with B cell memory enhance in response to the virus. An antiviral state is induced by infected epithelial cells and resident interferon producing cells (IPCs), secreting interferon ? and ? , priming the surrounding cells for apoptosis. Tumor necrosis factors ? (TNF-? ) is besides produced by IPCs and acts as an autocrine signal stimulating differentiation of ICPs to dendritic cells. They can travel to the lymph nodes to shake CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-? and interleukin 10 (IL-10). After infection and replication, HSV-1 destroys infected cells and travels to sensory neurons.Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, NK and ?? TCR+ T cells infiltrate the TG, control the infection and prevent the spread of the virus to rear by cells, including the brain. The adaptive immune response is driven by the innate immune response. Antigen presenting cells migrate from the site of infection to the regional lymph node to present CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells. wanting(p) complement cascades leads to less vigorous memory response to HSV-1. Antibodies against gD and the gH-gL complex are found to protect against HSV-1 and are observe as cross reactive to other strains of HSV.Macrophages engulf viral proteins and cell particles from lysed cells and also secrete cytokines favoring the T helper (Th) cell CD4+ response. CD8+ cytoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are produced and they react with epitopes displayed on infected cells, which are then targeted for apoptosis. See figure 2. The IE protein ICP 27 contains potent CTL epitopes. The efficacy of gB to induce a CTL response suggests gB is the immunodominant antigen of HSV-1. (2) Beneficial Modifications of Genes Associated with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 and Relative Associated complaintsOccasionally the immune system is unable to prevent HSV-1 from spreading to surrounding structures such as the eye. optic HSV-1 infection is termed herpetic keratitis, tissue destruction of the eye, and is currently treated with trifluridine or valacyclovir to inhibit HSV-1 DNA polymerase and terminate synthesis of the sugar backbone of viral DNA. The current antiviral compounds require phosphorylation by the infected cell, meaning the antiviral employment cannot take place until the infection has progressed to the point where specific viral deoxythymidine kinase is synthesized.A impudently idea i nvolves helicase-primase inhibitors acting to prevent the unwinding of the double-stranded DNA and the initiation of the new strand synthesis necessary for viral production. Kleymann et al. found a compound, embayment 57-1293, more potent and more effective than valacyclovir and unassociated with systemic toxicity to initiate the described mechanism. (7) A similar study explored the lesion associated with the tissue destruction of the cornea, specifically angiogenesis of stromal keratits (SK).The fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), a molecule known to stimulate cell growth to contribute to wound healing, was targeted to observe the antiviral action mechanism via its effect on HSV-1 cell entry. FGF-2 inhibits HSV-1 from binding to heparin sulfate, thus hindering entrance into the host cell. Results of this study suggest abrasiveness and clinical SK could be significantly diminished by daily discussion of lesions with FGF-2 protein, overdue to accelerated epithelial wound heali ng. (8) Similarly, HSV-1 can choke the immune response and travel to the brain. HSV-1 encephalitis is the most crushing consequence of HSV and the most ommon cause of fetal encephalitis. Early growth response 1 (Erg-1) is a zinc finger transcription factor evince in neural tissue, and is induced during stress. It regulates growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis and development. Erg-1 is known to regulate several viral genes, including LATs, and is inducible by viral proteins. Erg-1 increases viral replication in infected cells and fatality rate in infected mice. Knockout of Erg-1 expression was shown to reduce the mortality by decreasing the viral loads to tissues in a study conducted by Shis-Heng Chen et al. 9) It has been demonstrated HSV-1 can induce increased activity of central norepinephrine or serotonin neurons, by activating the cell bodies located in the brain stem, following encephalitis. Increased brain stem activity of these neurotransmitters can impair glucocorticoids (GC) negative feedback receptors, activating cytokines IL-1 and TNF? , trim back the binding capacity of said GC receptors. Impaired control of the GC negative feedback regulation upon the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis has been suggested as an important nerve in major depression. (10)Thrombin is a result of the generation of sequential proteolytic enzymes activating circular precursor enzymes and cofactors for blood clotting. HSV-1, HSV-2 and cytomegalovirus have been shown to avoid cellular control of coagulation initiation through the organic expression of procoagulant phospholipids and tissue factor. This allows the unregulated generation of thrombin because tissue factor can bind ciruculating factor VIIa, forming a cofactor-enzyme complex directly on the virus. Tenase activity has been credited to HSV-1 encoded gC, which accelerates the FVIIa-dependent activation of FX.FXa associates with its cofactor V to convert prothrombin to thrombin. collection of FX and FV leading to thrombin generation has been demonstrated on the virus surface. Herpes virus genomic material has been associated with atherosclerosis plaque, thrombosis and atherosclerosis due to the unregulated production of thrombin. (11) It is well known NK cells aid in the fight against HSV-1 infection. Severe herpetic infections have been seen in NK -deficient patients, as well as early infiltrations of herpetic lesions by NK cells. This due to damage of HLA class 1 expression by HSV-1 and the lysis of HSV-1 infected targets by NK cells.E. Estefania et al. presented a study suggesting clinical symptoms of HSV-1 infection being more likely to happen among humans expressing the NK cell receptors KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2. The genes encoding the receptors appear to increase the risk of recurrent infection, where the lack of the receptors is shown to protect from the disease. (1) finding HSV-1 can cause severe recurrent disease in humans and establish lifelong infection in their hosts. some(prenomina l) antiviral approaches have been considered to counteract the effects of HSV-1 throughout the body so far no vaccine, to cure the infection from its host, has been accepted.Acyclovir, and its ester derivative valacyclovir, as well as penciclovir and its prodrug famciclovir, are the latest approved antiviral medications to battle HSV-1 infection. Several other strategies are currently under investigation such as potential therapeutic vaccines, cidofovir, and aqueous extracts in Africa. Past attempts of vaccines have utilize viral vectors, DNA vaccination, recombinant bacteria, cytokines to manipulate the immune response, novel adjuvants, innovative pitch shot systems and different routes of inoculation. Most of which have been successful in lab mice but none have been approved for human use.Therapeutic vaccines target symptomatic individuals, using DNA vaccines encoding various cytokines used to intentionally bias the immune system toward Th1 or Th2 responses. Different boosts wi th different cytokine adjuvants may be used to induce proper immune response. (2) Extracts from the eastern cape of Africa, Aloe ferox and Withania somnifera, confirmed morphologic changes indicative of cytopathic effects that retard the replication and spread of HSV-1. (12) Furthermore, a haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient developed mucosal HSV-1 infection, and while under acyclovir treatment, later showed resistance to the antiviral.After developing haemorrhagic cystitis due to polyomavirus BK, cidofovir was prescribed and the patient profited from the broad spectrum anti-DNA virus activity with the slicing of HSV-1 lesions. (13) In conclusion, as described above the mechanisms by which HSV-1 hijacks and hides out in its host, have been studied to great detail and are routinely manipulated. The particularly complex structure, as well as precise means by which each gene in the large genome is trip and carries out its genes products, intrigue many scientists which c ontinue to investigate and attempt a formidable vaccine against the virus.Studies among mice have proven effective, although HSV-1 is a really host specific infection, thus making trials of acceptable anitvirals and vaccines extremely difficult. The only slightly acceptable element of HSV-1 infection is, in rare cases where no reoccurrences is shown, and moreover there are many instances of asymptomatic carriers. ravage incidence such as transferring HSV-1 to a neonate during rake and schizophrenics showing decreased prefrontal grey matter due to HSV-1, are just a pinch of the terrifying effects of this virus, remaining in host TG until a stressful situation comes along. 14,15) Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 Genome (Figure 1) 00 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection (Figure 2) Works Cited 1. )Estefania, E, et al. Influence of KIR gene diversity on the social class of HSV-1 infection resistance to the disease is associated with the absence of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2. Tissue Antigens 70 . 1 (July 2007) 34-41. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 19 Nov. 2008 . 2. )Ferenczy, Michael W. Prophylactic Vaccine Strategies and the Potential of Therapeutic Vaccines Against Herpes Simplex Virus. afoot(predicate) Pharmaceutical Design 13. 9 July 2007) 1975-1988. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 19 Nov. 2008 . 3. )Shen, Y, and J Nemunaitis.. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for cancer treatment. genus Cancer Gene Therapy 13. 11 (07 Nov. 2006) 975-992. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 19 Nov. 2008 . 4. )Clement, Christian, et al. A novel role for phagocytosis-like inhalation in herpes simplex virus entry. Journal of Cell biota 174. 7 (25 Sep. 2006) 1009-1021. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 4 Sep. 2008 . 5. )Newcomb, William W, Frank P Booy, and Jay C Brown. Uncoating the herpes simplex virus genome. Journal Of Molecular Biology 370. 4 (20 July 2007) 63 3-642. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 3 Sep. 2008 . 6. )Ramachandran, Srividya, and Paul R Kinchington.. Potential prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for HSV infections. Current Pharmaceutical Design 13. 19 (2007) 1965-1973. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 22 Nov. 2008 . 7. )Kaufman, Herbert E, et al. Efficacy of a helicase-primase inhibitor in animal models of ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Journal Of Ocular Pharmacology And Therapeutics The Official Journal Of The Association For Ocular Pharmacology And Therapeutics 24. 1 (Feb. 2008) 34-42. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 19 Nov. 2008 . 8. )Kim, Bumseok, et al. Application of FGF-2 to Modulate Herpetic Stromal Keratitis. Current midpoint Research 31. 12 (Dec. 2006) 1021-1028. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 19 Nov. 2008 . 9. )Chen S, Yao H, Chen I, Shieh B, Li C, Chen S.Suppression of transcription factor early growth response 1 reduces herpes simplex virus lethality in mice. Journal of Clinical investigating serial online. October 2008118(10)3470-3477. Available from Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 22, 2008. 10. )Bener, Dafna, et al. Glucocorticoid Resistance following Herpes Simplex-1 Infection Role of Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors. Neuroendocrinology 85. 4 (Apr. 2007) 207-215. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 19 Nov. 2008 . 11. )Thrombin paper 12. )Kambizi, L. , et al. Anti-viral effects of aqueous extracts of Aloe Xerox and Withania somnifera on herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. South African Journal of cognition 103. 9/10 (Sep. 2007) 359-360. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 10 Sep. 2008 . 13. )Andrei, G, et al. Dual infection with polyomavirus BK and acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus successfully treated with cidofovir in a bone marrow trans plant recipient. Transplant Infectious Disease An Official Journal Of The Transplantation Society 9. 2 (June 2007) 126-131. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 19 Nov. 2008 . 14. )Brown, Elizabeth L. , et al. Effect of maternal herpes simplex virus (HSV) serostatus and HSV type on risk of neonatal herpes. Acta Obstetricia & Gynecologica Scandinavica 86. 5 (May 2007) 523-529. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 17 Sep. 2008 . 15. )Prasad, K. M. R. , et al. Brain morphological changes associated with exposure to HSV1 in first-episode schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 12. 1 (Jan. 2007) 105-113. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Library name, City, State abbreviation. 1 Oct. 2008 .

Pakistan Studies

B. 2 innate(p) Resources An Issue of Sustainability d)_Fish (Syllabus 2011) d)_Fish Candidates should be able to describe the searching methods use in both naval and interior waters, including tilt farms, give examples of the tip caught in both marine &038 inland waters &038 of the look for re atomic number 18d on angle farms, give examples of the look for ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh bounds, describe the uses of the weight caught. excuse improvements in search methods and affect techniques understand the problems facing the look foring manufacture and evaluate the possibilities for its further development and sustainability ____________________________________________________________________________ interrogative sentence 2 (May / June 2000) (d) (i) For marine weighting name the master(prenominal) catch and the most important merchandise market place for the catch. 2 (ii) For inland angle state where and why fish argon caught. 5 suspicion 2(Oct ober / November 2002) (a) ask the following. Fish throng 1 crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, sharkGroup 2 hila, mahseer, palla, trout Group 3 herring, mackerel, sardines, shark Fishing Areas A inland fisheries (freshwater) B Makran (Balochistan) border C Indus Delta (Sindh) marge (i) In which fishing atomic number 18a argon the fish in group 1 caught? 1 (ii) In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught? 1 (iii) Describe the fishing effort of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the fish caught. 6 (iv) Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing fish. 4 (v) Why are fish so bounteous in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast? 4 Question 4(October / November 2003) (b) (i) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. 5 (ii) Why are the ports in Balochistan small? 4 Question 3 (May / June 2004) (a) admit Photograph (opposite) which shows par t of a fish farm at Faiz, southeast of Multan. (i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm. 4 (ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easily to score the ponds? 3 (iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? 1 (b) Why is fish acres of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be habituated if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. 4 Question 1 (May / June 2005) (b) (iii) The area of mangrove forest has decrease in size in recent eld. How and why has this affected the local anesthetic fisheries? 2 Question 4 (May / June 2008) (a) (i) invoke two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. 2 (ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. 2 (iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods. 3 (iv) pardon how these methods open fire be improved to make fishing commercial. 4 (b) (i) How arouse fish be stored and processed onshore? 3 (ii) Why is fish processing called value-added? 1 (iii) How does the miserable infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the Fishing industry troublesome? 4 (c) train Fig. (opposite), a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan. (i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. 3 (ii) condone why more populate are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. 3 Question 2(October / November 2008) (c) (ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. 4 (iii) Explain how this pollution affects fishing. 3 Question 1(October / November 2010) (b) psychoanalyze Fig. (opposite), which shows the weightiness of marine fish caught 19962006. The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less(prenominal) than in 1996. (i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. 2 (ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. 3 (c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. 5 (d) Study Fig. (opposite). With reference to Fig. (opposite), explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry in Pakistan. 6Pakistan StudiesB. 2 Natural Resources An Issue of Sustainability d)_Fish (Syllabus 2011) d)_Fish Candidates should be able to describe the fishing methods used in both marine and inland waters, including fish farms, give examples of the fish caught in both marine &038 inland waters &038 of the fish reared on fish farms, give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh coasts, describe the uses of the fish caught. explain improvements in fishing methods and processing techniques understand the problems facing the fishing industry and evaluate the possibilities for its further development and sustainability ____________________________________________________________________________ Question 2 (May / June 2000) (d) (i) For marine fishing name the main catch and the most important export market for the catch. 2 (ii) For inland fishing state where and why fish are caught. 5 Question 2(October / No vember 2002) (a) Study the following. Fish Group 1 crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, sharkGroup 2 hila, mahseer, palla, trout Group 3 herring, mackerel, sardines, shark Fishing Areas A inland fisheries (freshwater) B Makran (Balochistan) Coast C Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast (i) In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught? 1 (ii) In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught? 1 (iii) Describe the fishing industry of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the fish caught. 6 (iv) Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing fish. 4 (v) Why are fish so plentiful in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast? 4 Question 4(October / November 2003) (b) (i) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. 5 (ii) Why are the ports in Balochistan small? 4 Question 3 (May / June 2004) (a) Study Photograph (opposite) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, sout h of Multan. (i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm. 4 (ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds? 3 (iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? 1 (b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. 4 Question 1 (May / June 2005) (b) (iii) The area of mangrove forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has this affected the local fisheries? 2 Question 4 (May / June 2008) (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. 2 (ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. 2 (iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods. 3 (iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial. 4 (b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore? 3 (ii) Why is fish processing called value-added? 1 (iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make deve lopment of the Fishing industry difficult? 4 (c) Study Fig. (opposite), a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan. (i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. 3 (ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. 3 Question 2(October / November 2008) (c) (ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. 4 (iii) Explain how this pollution affects fishing. 3 Question 1(October / November 2010) (b) Study Fig. (opposite), which shows the weight of marine fish caught 19962006. The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996. (i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. 2 (ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. 3 (c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. 5 (d) Study Fig. (opposite). With reference to Fig. (opposite), explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry in Pakistan. 6

Joint Commission Accreditation Audit Preparation

Joint representation Accreditation Audit innovationning contour Status for conversation Priority Focus Area executive Summary In preparation for the next Joint accusation Accreditation Audit, nightingale Community hospital is assessing the contour status of each of the Joint Commissions Priority Focus Areas (PFAs). This Assessment covers the Communication Joint Commission PFA. For the previous Joint Commission audit, there were no findings associated with this shopworn.Since The Hospital has late undergone a great deal of staff turnover in the Standards and Communication Department, several of the Hospital Directors felt that this may be an area that has slipped in relation to compliance with this PFA. The Communication PFA is comprised of three general standards UP. 01. 01. 01 Conduct a pre- performance verification process. UP. 01. 02. 01 Mark the surgery site. UP. 01. 03. 01 A time-out is performed before the procedure. apiece of these standards has elements of transa ction that nightingale Community Hospital should be implementing through policies, protocols and checklists.Compliance with the performance elements s summarized in a compliance ground substance. The matrix identifies the standard, the performance elements of the standard, and how the performance element is implemented. This matrix is an effective tool to assess where compliance gaps exist and it forms the basis for developing corrective action plans. The compliance matrix for the Communication standard in included at the end of this summary. Nightingale Community Hospital is implementing most of the performance standards.There is no put down implementation for the following performance elements. Labeled diagnostic and radiology taste results (for example, radiology images and scans, or pathology and biopsy reports) that are properly displayed (UP. 01. 01. 01) When two or much procedures are being performed on the same patient, and the person performing the procedure changes, pe rform a time-out before each procedure is initiated. (UP. 01. 03. 01) The Hospital is out of compliance with element of performance 3 under standard UP. 01. 02. 01.This performance element should be implemented in the Site designation and verification Protocol. The protocol does not identify who is responsible for marking. Additionally, the protocol specifically states that marking is not required for bedside procedures if provider is present the entire time. This flexibility is not allowed in the standard. In addition to these deficiencies, two opportunities for improvement were identified. The Handoff procedure checklist is a useful tool, but there is no mention of this checklist in the Site denomination and Verification Protocol.Also, the Protocol does not address unseasonable infants and the allowance to not perform marking when the mark may ingest a permanent tattoo A corrective action plan will be focused on ensuring that the identified noncompliances are reverse and ev aluating opportunities for improvement. Specific elements of the corrective action plan are 1)Revise the Site Identification and Verification Protocol to remove the incorrect information on bedside procedures. butt point Date 2/1/2012. Actionee Standards and Communication Director. 2)Revise the Handoff Checklist to include denominate diagnostic and radiology test results (e. . , radiology images and scans, or pathology and biopsy reports). Target completion Date 4/1/2012. Actionee Standards and Communication Director. 3)Revise the Site Identification and Verification Protocol to include reference to the Handoff Checklist. Target completion Date 4/1/2012. Actionee Standards and Communication Director. The results of this corrective action plan will be examined approximately six months prior to the Joint Commission audit. That will chip in adequate time to develop and implement further corrective actions, if necessary.

Biography of Aldous Huxley Essay

Aldous Leonard Huxley was born on July 26, 1894 in Surrey, England, as the thirdly son of Dr. Leonard Huxley and Julia Arnold. Huxley was born into a long line of scientists and intellectuals. His grandfather doubting Thomas Henry Huxley had the nickname Darwins Bulldog for his fierce defense of evolutionary science and for his passion for teaching Victorian scientific advancements to Britains works classes. Aldous Huxley was also related to the poet Matthew Arnold on his mothers side of the family. These cardinal disciplines, literature and science, converged at the end of the Victorian era and characterize Huxleys own life history and ambitions as an author, journalist, and humanist. Educated at Eton, Aldous Huxley was forced to tolerate the school at the age of seventeen due to an affliction of the eyes. He was partially blind for two or three historic period and indeed was unable to complete the rigorous scientific training he had undertaken.though problems with his eyes wo uld remain with him for the rest of his life, Huxley was able to attend Oxford where he sure a degree in English literature. Huxleys career began in journalism and included music and artistic criticism as well-nighly as book reviews. He also began writing poems, essays, and historical pieces. Huxleys first introduction to British intellectual society occurred while on the job(p) as a farm laborer at Garsington Manor, the site of the Bloomsbury Society, a group of public intellectuals that included Bertrand Russell. There he would marry maria Nys and they would have one child, Matthew Huxley. He also wrote his first book, a account book of poetry called The Burning Wheel. While working as an editor for shack and Garden during the1920s, Huxley wrote many novels including Brave New World.Huxley spent several years in Italy where he formed a friendship with D.H. Lawrence. They would remain close friends and Huxley would later edit Lawrences collected letters after his death. In 19 37, Huxley moved back to the United States to live in Hollywood, California, where he helped relieve scripts for several Hollywood movies of the time, although he never had a lasting career in movies. After World War II, he famously became knotted with the early psychedelic medicate movement. Huxley was an early proponent of the use of LSD, mescaline, and mescaline for their mind-altering effects. His 1954 book The Doors of Perception argued that through the use of psychedelic drugs, mountain would be able to cleanse the doors of perception in order to compact the infinite reality of the world.A controversial figure for most of his life, Huxley died from cancer on November 22, 1963, only hours after President John F. Kennedys blackwash in Dallas, Texas. By the time of his death, he was embraced in some circles as an intellectual and writer of the highest class, especially for his creation of the dystopian fantasy in his novel Brave New World and his engagement of the theme o f commercialisation in modern society. Others, however, saw him as a pseudo-scientist for his work in mystical traditions and his insistence on experiencing alternate realities through meditation, Eastern religions, and drug use. For his accomplishments, Huxley received the Award of Merit for the Novel from the American Academy of humanities and Letters in 1959.

Louis Vuitton – Japan

Executive Summary Louis Vuitton, a pioneer in sumptuousness marketplace has Japan a mark market with largest revenue rootage during its golden period. Due to adverse consequences of spheric recession, the slowdown was also approach by Louis Vuitton. In order to regain its fame, Louis Vuitton needs to change its manufacturing outline and the production strategy. Goal To reinvent and regain the cachet, Louis Vuitton needs to increase and carry through the largest market share in five years.Louis Vuitton whirls a wide prescribe of highlife brands and was a trend setter in Japan. One of the anchor components which drive this goal strategy is the overall market growth. Although luxury market growth rate has reduced due to the global financial crisis, the Nipponese luxury market growth rate was still at vi percent. Also, the customers has been shifting to low price segment, the Japanese way of consuming luxury brands was a kind of social value that they cannot afford to lose. ImpedimentThe global financial crisis affects the consumer mind set and the behavior. The first and the most important key impediment which proves to the major obstacle in achieving the goal is high priced products offered by Louis Vuitton that could easily be attacked by other competitors. The various other companies offer the luxury products at competitive price as compare to Louis Vuitton progress to shaken the market share. Moreover, the product line offered by Louis Vuitton is limited and prostrate from past few years which made less impact on the consumers.Louis Vuitton was growing its strategy towards mid size and smaller cities but no attempt was made to promote the brand in these cities. Solution In order to revive the company, and to increase the overall market share in Japan, Louis Vuitton needs to change its manufacturing strategy by setting up a manufacturing plant in Japan with some of the French workforce tip the plant. Since Japanese luxury market is one of the le ading market egments, this would at long last decrease the import cost and French workforce would help in gaining the customer satisfaction. Moreover, it will also avoid the counterfeiting because the product is manufactured and consumed at the same place. Low scaled promotions could also be advertised during the sack season in mid size cities. Also Jacobs had signed a contract until 2018 and Marc Jacobss label was one of the rising stars in LVMHs portfolio. Jacobs could also bring many other new opportunities to just bring through up the brand image and value.

Anatman The Five Skandas And Emptiness

In short, the doctrine of the five Kansas implies that the self is radic alwaysyy reversive to the Second Noble Truth The Second Noble Truth states ducked has identifiable origins. Remember, the e root of ducked is, in part, . But this is a result of accept that the self is an thing and frankincense foolhardier. In addition, we can now suck up that is brought about by than manta. The three roots of suffering be thereof (craving to have) of the fact that You argon no more 2. 3. Emptiness The Sanskrit word (craving to non have) (Of the truth Of manta) is commonly translated as emptiness. Due t the negative connotations of the word, galore(postnominal) contemporary scholars of Bud hiss have suggested alternative displacements such as limitlessness or boundlessness. In this class well stick to the common translation of emptiness while keeping in mind the at it does not mean that cipher exists or nothingness. There are many layers to the pattern that have developed throughout history . On the one hand, in that respect is the he other hand, there is the notion which well look at presently. On t notion. Well examine this aspect when discuss mindfulness (in this section of the course) and Zane (in the Zen socio n).Two Metaphysical Senses of Emptiness Sense 1 This oldest common sense of the term is merely the concept of manta (and consequently the five Kansas). This is the arrangement taken up by the Sense 2 tradition of Buddhism. This understanding is the newer of the two (although from our perspective it s quite ancient). In short, it is the claim that all of reality is stem turnly not merely the self. This meaning of emptiness is give to the tradition of Buddhism, and originates in the Mohammad philosophy of Nicaragua. However, we need a little secondment more detail to do the notion justice.Dependent Origination The central sentiment behind dependent origination is that everything is radically and in radical unmatched important consequence of this is that there are neither nor causes effects-?there is nothing that can be identified as the cause or the e effect. There is only the momentary interrelation of the five processes. Thus, reality is no more than a vast system Of _processes. Do not fuddle this with the scalded butterfly effect. Another important consequence is that there are no There arena metaphysically NT upon everything else. Objects. Indeed, everything is radically dependedOther terminology for dependent origination includes dependent arising interdependent coarsening, or simply interdependence. Wrapping up So, the distinction amongst the two senses of emptiness is really one of just r stringing the radical interdependence of the Kansas to the self and of globalization it to all of reality. However, the implications of globalization interdependence are important. The y include 1. There are no 2. Everything is 3. There are no on and things at all. With everything else. 4. Literally nothing exists-?only causes and effects. Exist-?and thus no Exist. 5. Ignorance as a cause of ducked not only federal agency that one is swinish of the truth of manta, but that one is also ignorant of the above four facts (among others). These consequences are very important to note when discussing the differed CE between and which we wont be able to fully summarize until the end of this section. An kindle Question self next? Given that Buddhism accepts that notion of reincarnation provided claims that there e is no (but just a set of ever changing processes), what is it that is reborn from one lie fee to the Lets discuss this as a class.

America vs. Drugs, Crime

The United States is a bureaucracy build by the people for the people. As a democracy, we substantiate established hundreds of organizations to read with different draw of works and epidemics that may arise within our country. While every action may have a different mission, they be all ge ard toward the discontinuement of Americans quality of life. Three of the biggest national problems our regime faces are do drugss, detestation and immigration. Each one requires a different approach, dodge and the attention of local, state or federal level government.The war on drugs has been an arduous, long fought battle, that doesnt necessarily have a way to be won. There are many agencies in place to combat drug peddlers, some of these include the DEA (do drugs Enforcement deputation) FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) ATF (Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearm and Explosives) and level(p) the FDA (Federal Drug Administration). Annually, the United State spends over $51,000,000,00 0 on the war on drugs. Tax revenue that drug legalization would yield annually, if currently-illegal drugs were taxed at place comparable to those on alcohol and tobacco $46.7 billion. D. Baum, author of Smoke and Mirrors struggle on Drugs and The Politics of the Failure claims that after 4 decades of punitive policies, unlawful drugs are more easily obtained, drug potencies are greater, and drug barons are richer than ever. (1997) This war cost more than any other agency, and sometimes costs more than some agencies combined. While local government agencies try to charge with this war as best as they can, they do not have the resources or manpower to keep up with the costs of stopping tell crimes.It is unfortunate because the drug war affects local business to the point that inflation, high gear insurance premiums, and less travelers become a factor and negatively bushel the area. While Federal Agencies are better suited to deal with the Drug War, topical anesthetic Agencie s have been more efficient in combatting general crime. Local Governments tend to understand their demographics more thoroughly, so they can make better use of their funds. Most, if not all, funding for law enforcement comes from grants or tax revenues.Effective crime prevention in high-violence, high-risk neighborhoods begins with the interdependence of local agencies. These agencies need the world power to invest in the neighborhoods to prevent crime rates from rising. The most strong place to start is with children and their education NCPC (National Crime Prevention Council) is an organization thats mission it is to educate students and prevent crime. Illegal Immigration is the third problem facing our nation.Like the above-mentioned epidemics, Immigration has federal agencies to prevent this. While in that location is no concrete solution to this problem, steps are being interpreted to fix the issue. Whether it is the e-verify program, or a fence to keep illegal aliens out, a gencies are constantly trying to come with new solutions. The issue is so entangled and difficult, that even the President is threatening to use an executive order to recover the U. S Immigration system. Also because of the complexity of this issue, Federal Agencies such as I. C.E (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) CBP (Customs Border Patrol) Department of Labor or Homeland certificate offer the best solutions. Local Government usually dont have the personnel to deal with immigration, as would a Federal Agency such as I. C. E, who have trained agents who specialize in that line of duty, and when faced with danger, know exactly how to carry out orders. All in all, Federal Agencies are usually more inclined to deal with our nations problems. It is important to never consolidate the agencies, so that each department can provide the best quality of service.There will always be negative issues that jeopardize our freedom, but how we deal with them is what makes this nation so great . Bibliography Lawrence, S. , & angstrom unit Godfrey, D. (2004, March 2). PREVENTING CRIME WHAT WORKS, WHAT DOESNT, WHATS PROMISING1. . Retrieved June 29, 2014, from https//www. ncjrs. gov/works/wholedoc. htm Sterling, E. (2013, July 1). Eleven Ways the War on Drugs is Hurting Your Business. . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from http//www. cjpf. org/11ways Drug War Statisitc. (n. d. ). . Retrieved June 29, 2014, from http//www. drugpolicy. org/drug-war-statistics

Fashion Magazine Editor

In 1892 Arthur Baldwin Turner founds tendency in America which depart later become one of the nearly influential panache clippings in history. In the year 1 900 path times began to use photographs instead of illustrations. For the editors, this means that they must deal with a crude route to structure the magazine. Today, there be hundred ads of fashion magazines that nonplus become an essential for many passel. They provide info on the up-to-the-minute clothing trends and crudeest designers. Many fashion magazines take aim started doing online sites, so people whitethorn start to see more online issues in the future.Thus, as fashion ma gamines change, so will the farm outs of the editor. in that respect are many people work in this career in different parts of the world t day. in that location are currently 1 3,500 people employed as an editor in California alone (Editor s). It is estimated that by 2020 there will be a decline and the amount of people working in t his career in California Adolph 3 will be 12,900. This is due to the increasing amount of online fashion editorial s. There is still good news though. This new age of online magazines will easy up jobs for on line magazine editors and floggers.Most of the times jobs relating to this career are found I n big cities such as virgin York or Los Angles. This is because this is where major fashion companion sees, such as Harpers carnival and The Cosmopolitan, are located. Therefore, changes in the near future will affect close to of the different aspects of ones job. Working as an editor may be a tough and stressful job, yet it has its perks. A f cushion magazine editor works closely with writers, photographers, and advertisers to ensure that readers are given the some update information regarding fashion trends (Descriptive on of a formulate pickup Debited).Fashion magazine editors oversee every part of publication . To BEA magazine editor, you have to follow strict deadlines. Wh en you have deadline s, your hours of work tend to increase. There are not any specific working hours for this career r, but approximately of your time is spent in an office. One thing that is valu subject for editors to use is socio al media. you gage also reach a wide of the mark audience no matter where you live thanks to social media ( Knobble, Claire, immature Vogue). Social media allows the editor to market and promote FRR mom wherever they are.Many fashion magazine editors get to attend runway shows and pre view new collections from famous designers, receive free clothing, and go to some of the e most high end parties. While a magazine editors job can sometimes be a lot of work, its worth hit. When applying for a job in this field, there are a few things a attach to will lo fashion magazine editor can be manly or female. The ages range because they look at your skills, not your age. You have to be social because it is important to make relations pips with people in t he fashion industry, so that later on you can have connections. The ideal EDI civil wrong will have strong Adolph 4 interpersonal skills, and be able to conduct insightful and entertaining interview Killer, Johnny, Job Responsibilities). You also have to be creative and openhanded t o new ideas. In this career, most people start as an intern and work their way up. The majority y of magazine editors have a bachelors degree (Magazine Idiom). These degrees are usual y in journalism or something think to fashion design. It is essential to have a background in FAA scion to do this job.

Evaluate Articel Modern War Essay

Phillip Gervase is a Principal Lecturer in History at Manchester Metropolitan University.  He authored  The Anglo-Scots state of contends 1513 1550. (33)  In his article, Was the Ameri flock elegant state of war the scratch Modern War?, he refutes the commonly held belief that the American well-behaved War was the first modern war.  After the Second valet de chambre War, some military historians concluded that the Confederacys crushing defeat at the hands of the Union  foretold the future of war. Phillips argues that the genteel war was more corresponding the wars of the 19th century than those that followed it.  By the beginning of the war, the run low could be fire as rapidly as a musket.  Many historians have utilise this observation to  prove that the rifle qualifyd the way battles were fought.Artillery was now come forward ranged by infantry fire forcing gun crews to search for  cover in the field. (29) This pipeline for the rifle is dismissed by Phillips when he cites the research of paddy field Griffith and Brent Nosworthy.  These historians conclude that the rifle did non make an important change in war methodology  since many battle were fought at the finale range of previous musket battles.  The entrenched fighting style, which many have compared to World War I, was also discussed as not cosmos an earmark of a modern war.  Phillips notes that in 1815 Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans with this method.The technique was taught at West Point Military Academy where both Union and collaborator Generals were educated.  Phillips contends that the generals would use this technique to give their mostly volunteer force a sense of security on the battle field. (30)The fact that the horse was relied on more than the train is another draw back to the conclusion that this was a modern war. When Phillips compares the American Civil War to the Crimean War, the American Civil War lacks in novation.  The real change from previous wars is in the apparent adoption of a new school of thought of conflict the total war.(28) The American Civil War, Phillips decides , can be considered a total war because of the major changes in American society caused by its terminus.            The first leg of his argument is that the technological advances of the progress did not have a significant impact on the American Civil War.  He begins with a discussion of the rifle. He points out that the rifle could be loaded and fired more a great deal than the musket and the rifle swarm men out of the formation style fighting and into trenches. He worst plays this change in battlefield behavior by pointing out that the firefights were often at close range and the American soldiers were unlikely to take philanthropic to the rigid, coercive discipline that underpinned the close order tactics of European conscripts.(29)He uses the example of the second battle of Bull Run, where the opposing forces came within 20 meters of each other, to substantiate this fact.  When he notes that the soldiers of this war were different from past conflicts in that they were mostly volunteers, he dismisses the importance of this new battle technique. Yet the discussion of these elements shows that the American Civil War was fought in a different appearance from previous wars.            Phillips briefly acknowledges the use of the railroad for moving troops during the American Civil War, except points out that horses were more important. Again surmising that this makes the  American Civil War less of a modern war. He then goes on to mention the ironclads, the Virginia and the Monitor. Since neither was a great warship, they couldnt go faraway from the coast, Phillips asserts they didnt revolutionize naval combat. Next, he mentions the submarine C.S.S. Hunley which, even though it sunk an enemy ship, is deemed an unimportant technological advance.Finally, he mentions the use of a single machine gun used to guard a fort up in Charleston. Phillips dismiss the notion of the American Civil War being the first modern war because the use of these advances pales in comparison to those of the Crimean War. Phillips contends that the American Civil War is not a modern war at all. Although it may be true that the American Civil War was not known for its use of these technological innovations, they did exist, they were used, and they did have an impact on the outcome of the war. The fact that U.S. Navy went on to improve armored ships and submarines shows that the vessels used during the American Civil War were thought to be important and useful.            The second fractional of the article labels the American Civil War a nitty-gritty War. A total war is an unrestrained form of conflict . and the enemys sparing resources are targeted as readily as the military ones. (28)  The argument is based on the Unions war strategy. The Union shifted its submersion from the defeat of the rebel armies to the annihilation of the economic resources supporting the Southern war effort.  President Lincoln demanded the unconditional surrender of the Southern forces.  Union Generals return and Sherman threatened to slay Southern civilizedians.  General Shermans infamous edge to the sea cut a sixty mile wide data track of destruction through the South.  However, Phillips weakens his argument by cataloging  ways in which the American Civil War was not quite a total war.  He writes that enemies have always tried to cause each other economic hardships. President Lincolns demand for surrender was not as unconditional as presumed. The article makes the case that Lincoln was willing to negociate nearly every issue except the continuation of the nation as a union. The strangest argument he mak es is that the American Civil War was more cruel than other contemporary wars, but it is not as merciless when it is compared with later wars.            Phillips cites Arthur Marwicks  idea that a total war acts as an agent of social change which the American Civil War emphatically was.  It enlarged the federal government allowing it to create national income tax, institute the draft, amaze the economy and suppress civil liberties.(33)            Many 20th century  historians considered the American Civil War to be the first modern war. Phillips disagrees and argues that the Civil War was not a modern war. He admits that it foreshadowed future war methods but he maintains that it did not make use of  technological advances. Phillips writes that the debate whether the civil war is modern should focus on the technology of the magazine and the philosophy of the war.The technology was not as significant to the outcome of the war.  The philosophy of Total War changed the way the war was fought.   He states that the rifle, the railroad and the naval achievements of the time were ineffectual in changing the outcome of the war. Although he concedes that labeling of the American Civil War as a Total War is a prepare from past conflicts.