Hops: Not Just A Beer Ingredient Essay -- Botany

Hops Not Just A Beer IngredientThe hop, Humulus lupulus, is a cultivated flower plant, green in color that has many economic every last(predicate)y important roles. The hop belongs to the hemp family, Cannabinaceae. There are many features that are distinctive about this plant. A hops plant has yellow lupulin glands between the petals, which is used for preservative and flavoring characteristics in beer. The bitterness of the hop is used to balance the sweetness of the malt, and the essential oils append a flavor and aroma which cannot be achieved by using any other plant. The hop plant is a perennial spiraling vine, which will bring on in almost any climate given enough water and sunlight. It can climb either string or poles and can reach top side of 40 feet. The flowers are usually dried before use. Farmers have developed a systemic approach to the cultivation of hops. There are also a number of chemical compounds present in this plant that give rise to its economic value. (1) The hop plant has several structurally distinctive properties. The root is stalwart and perennial. The stem that arise from it every year is of a twining nature, reaching a great length, flexible and very tough, angular and prickly, with a tenacious fiber. This fiber has been explored in the manufacturing of a white, durable cloth. The cloth is not of wide use because the fibers are so difficult to separate. Normally, the stems require to be steeped in water a satisfying winter before they can be utilized. Paper has also been made from the stem of the vine. The leaves are heart-shaped and lobed, on stalks, which are oppositely placed on the stem. The leaves have three to seven lobes and are dark green in color with finely toothed edges. (5) The flowers of this plant arise fro... ...ea also features an abundant proviso of water for irrigation, making it ideal for growing hops. Pacific Northwest hops and hop byproducts are now exported around the world. On an annual basis, 60% of a ll hop production from this region goes overseas. The rest remains in the US for domesticate consumption. (5) REFERENCES 1. Comptons Encyclopedia Online (www.gptonline.com/comptons). 2. Delyser, D., Kasper, W. Hopped beer the case for cultivation. Economic Botany 48 166-170. 1994. 3. First herb Source (www.1stherbsource.com). 4. Haas, G., et al. Antimicrobial activity of hop resins. J. Food Prot. 5759-61. 1994. 5. Hop Growers of America (www.usahops.org). 6. Neve, R., et al. Hops. Experimental Agriculture 28123-124. 1992. 7. Stevens, J., et al. Chemistry and biology of hop flavonoids. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 10475-82. 1998.

Times Of War :: essays research papers

The sweat hung heavy on Stevens cold features. He was walking as calmly as he could pop the corridor. Given the chance he may have been described as handsome, but none gave him the chance and Steven didnt really want them to. He was keeping a close eye on the shadows that covered every doorway, as people who were less fortunate than him often lurked there waiting for someone to mug. Who would have feeling that the Human race would have come to this? Locked in an intergalactic state of war that had lasted several millennia, but he was going to change that, it would be as the war had never happened and indeed if he succeeded, it wouldnt. Suddenly he stopped and gazed out of the nearest view port, he saw no turn offg but a thin sprinkling of stars and an awful lot of black, it was pretty much the same view he had had for the past thirteen weeks. At fist he found it atrocious and then slowly that had given way to just plain dull and then very dull and then deeply dull. This depresse d him greatly non because he loved to marvel at the beauty and intricacy of the universe, but because it remaindered him of his own life, stark and bleak with only a few pin pricks of firing or hope in the near blank empty shell that was his life. He only got depressed when he was bored, bored or nervous, and at this flash it was the latter.Time Travel, two little words that have caused so much conflict and so m any scientists to pull out their hair and have to be put into tax exile which is the usual fate of those determined to make a fool of themselves in public. Steven didnt much like the idea of time travel, intervene in the past to affect the present it was to complicated. How could he go backrest in time to stop a war that was the reason that he went back in the first place, if its done it should be done the bastards should leave it alone. There was also the issue that if some thing went wrong he would be upset(a) down into a mixture of hydrogen carbon and ozone and woul d then be spread to any place in the entire universe and at any point in that places history. In short he would die a horrible, horrible death.

Increase in Nontraditional College Students Essay -- Exploratory Essay

Increase in Nontraditional College Students   Seven Works Cited      A 1995 report from the National Center for Education Statistics reveals that 76 cardinal American adults, 40 part of the adult population, are enrolled in adult education classes, an 8 percent increase from 1991 (Adults Thrive). Nearly 50 percent of the 14.2 billion college and university students in the United States are over twenty-four years of age, and the percentage is rising (Mathews w22). Enrollment in degree programs at the University of Phoenix, the University of Denver, and Regis University, schools catering to working adults, has almost doubled in the last five years (Scanlon 3A). Between the reporting years 1985-86 and 1996-97, nationwide registration increased 11 percent among students mingled with the ages of 25-29, 5 percent among 30- to 34-year-olds, and a whopping 65 percent for those 35 years old and older (Hussar 4). What explains the increase in the en rollment of nontraditional1 college students?  The causes are some(prenominal) and range from changes in the job market and the work environments to a desire for a more rewarding career and to an increasing U.S. population.   One reason for the enrollment increase is job changes and company downsizing. As companies adjust to ever-changing economic conditions, many people find themselves unemployed and look to a college education to attention them attain different or better jobs. And it is not only newly hired, younger employees who are the unfortunate casualties of corporate downsizing. Tonye Nelson had been an accounting clerk for twenty years. On March 2, 1996, she arrived at work only to be told she had been laid off because of company down... ... w22. Online. Lexis-Nexis. 2 Nov. 1998.   Pickard, Marilyn. Personal interview. 19 Nov.1998.   Rich, Kim. College Pays. Anchorage Daily News 4 Aug 1996 D.1. Online. Proquest. 19 Nov.1998.   Scanlon, Bill. Adult Education Colorado Colleges Reach Out to the Grown-Up Crowd. Rocky Mountain News S Apr.1998 F.3A. Ouline. Lexis-Nexis. 2 Nov.1998.   1 Students between the ages of 14 and 24 are commonly considered traditional students, whale those aged 25 or older are considered nontraditional.   2 The baby-boom generation, those born between 1946 and 1964, comprises 76-77 million individuals, an average of 4.2 million births per year. The next generation of individuals, born between 1965 and 1978, sometimes called the baby-bust generation or Generation x, averaged only 3.4 million births per year.    

The Good and Bad of R.A.T. Theory. Essay -- Essays Papers

The Good and Bad of R.A.T. Theory. Why do throng commit crime? It depends on who you ask and how you look at it, also what you doctor crime as. There are many theories out there about why people commit crime.One of these theories is Routine Activities Theory. Routine activities theory was premiere articulated in a series of papers by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson. Crime and victimization involve the intersection of three factors targets, guardians, and motive. The following quote gives a description of these three motives. Cohen and Felson assume that both the motivation to commit crime and the supply of offenders are constant. Every society will always have some people who are willing to break the law for revenge, greed, or some other motive. The volume and distribution of predatory crime (violent crimes against a person and crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly) are closely related to the interaction of three variables that reflect th e routine activities of the typical American lifestyle1.The availability of suitable targets, much(prenominal) as family units containing easily salable goods.2.The absence of capable guardians, such as police, homeowners, neighbors, friends, and relatives,3.The mien of motivated offenders, such as large number of unemployed teenagers. The presence of these components increases the likelihood that predatory crime will take place. Targets are more likely to be victimized if they are poorly guarded and exposed to a large group of motivated offenders such as teenage boys. Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates increased between 1960 and 1980 because the number of adult caretakers at home during the day... ...case doctors blames victims. South China Morning Post Ltd. 29 Nov. 2002. Ragsdale, Shirley. Anger against someone who looks like an Arab is misdirected The Des Moines Register Online. 21 Nov. 2001. Siegel, Larry J. Criminology The Core. Wadswor th/Thomson Learning. United Sates. 2002. Witosky, Tom. Pierce deal cocksure Step for Victims? The Des Moines Register Online. 11 Nov. 2002.

Elian Gonzalez :: essays research papers

The swarms of rumors and tons of media coverage form a shaded cloud around one boy, his name Elian Gonzalez. Elian has been crowd by cameras , flashes and political leaders all poking at his future. I believe that Elian should go home to Cuba where he could live peacefully out of the American medias blood hound reporters camera flashes and editorials. Elians father and his family should be able to come to terms and decide on the fate of this young child. He is just cosmos used as a puppet in the political war between Castros Communism and Clintons Democracy.I wish that the people of Miami would realize that Elian should not be tending(p) special rights to gain entrance to America. Since I have been to Cuba I am sure that there are many other people that would like to be able to travel and stay in America. That is not possible for them they are not cute enough or the center of a political ponder therefore , Elian should be sent back to prove that he is a normal citizen and that e veryone in society is an equal.This debate over his location has gone often to far. The boy was taken out by force because the Miami residents would not give him up with out a fight. There were riots in the streets where senseless behavior the shattering cars and destruction throughout the streets of Little Havana. What does this solve? Nothing only peoples valuables being destroyed which has nothing to do with the fight for Elian. That is exactly what it is no longer a peaceful discussion but a verbal and physical fight to decide this childs life.If this boy who is almost looked upon as a so called gift from divinity had been dealt with like every other illegal immigrant he would be merely sent back across the ocean he came across back to his primeval home of Cuba.

Elian Gonzalez :: essays research papers

The swarms of rumors and tons of media c everyplaceage form a shaded cloud or so one boy, his name Elian Gonzalez. Elian has been crowded by cameras , flashes and political leaders all poking at his future. I believe that Elian should go home to Cuba where he could love peacefully out of the American medias blood hound reporters camera flashes and editorials. Elians father and his family should be able to come to terms and decide on the fate of this newfangled child. He is just being used as a puppet in the political war between Castros Communism and Clintons Democracy.I wish that the people of Miami would find that Elian should not be given special rights to gain entrance to America. Since I have been to Cuba I am sure that there are many new(prenominal) people that would like to be able to travel and stay in America. That is not possible for them they are not cute enough or the midriff of a political debate therefore , Elian should be sent back to prove that he is a normal c itizen and that everyone in society is an equal.This debate over his location has gone much to far. The boy was taken out by force because the Miami residents would not give him up with out a fight. There were riots in the streets where senseless behavior the smashing cars and destruction throughout the streets of Little Havana. What does this solve? Nothing only peoples valuables being destroyed which has nothing to do with the fight for Elian. That is on the nose what it is no longer a peaceful discussion but a verbal and physical fight to decide this childs life.If this boy who is almost looked upon as a so called gift from god had been dealt with like every other illegal immigrant he would be merely sent back across the ocean he came across back to his native home of Cuba.

Radio Television Malaysia

The history of radio in Malaysia started in the year 1921. A. L. Birch, an electrical engineer from the Johor Government brought the schoolmaster radio set into the country. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Johor Wireless Association was set up and interpenetrateing through 300 meter waves began. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) This was then followed by the substantiation of the same association in Penang and the Malayan Wireless Association in Kuala Lumpur. Studio of Broadcasting Corporation of Malaya was opened on 11th March 1937 by Sir Shenton Thomas. Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) In the year 1930, Sir Earl from the Singapore Port Authority commenced its short wave broadcast every fortnight either on Sundays or Wednesdays. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Straits Settlement besidesk over The British Broadcasting Corporation of Malaysia. Radio channels in Malacca, Penang, Kuala Lumpur and Seremban and Singapore was taken over by the Nipponese to broadcast misinformation . (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Department of Broadcasting was set up in Singapore on the initiative of April year 1946.In the early 50s, broadcasting activities in Malaya were operated from its temporary studio in Jalan Young in Kuala Lumpur and afterwards in 1956, were moved to the Federal House, Kuala Lumpur. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Broadcasting in Malaysia started to grow throughout the country, including Sabah and Sarawak. On 28th December 1963, Television services were brought into the business. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) The growth of the first channel, Rangkaian Satu encouraged the second channel to be recognized on 17th November 1969. Followed by the incident where Radio and Television were combined under the Ministry of Information.Quick development was seen in broadcasting for some(prenominal) television and radio. Broadcast time was extended so that everyone can have the luxury of listening to it, even for the night shift workers. (Radio Televisio n Malaysia, 2010) Different languages were broadcasted as well. Growth of television became very rapid. On 1st March 1994, TV Malaysia started its early telecast as early as 6 in the morning. TV1, the Prime Channel brought in Selamat Pagi Malaysia (Good Morning Malaysia). TV2, The Golden Channel, later trailed by launching Moving On Two in December 1996. Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Viewers started increasing year by year by then. RTM has existing telecommunication via TV1, TV2, and the 34 radio channels of various languages at the National, state, local anaesthetic and international level. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010)The audience circumstances for TV1 is 15. 9%. Whereas audience share for TV2 is 19. 2%. TV2 has much audience share. RTM1 broadcasts its tidings program at 8pm. News style is very localized and limited with just a few international news only. All news presented was current news. No old news was reported unless it is following up news.Example of current an d local news reported is local news on fake eggs and fake medicine. different than that, missing girl case in Kelantan was also one of the current news reported. Nevertheless, the spokesperson of international news reported was news on Japan after the Tsunami and news on recent floods that hit Australia. There was no sense of amusement in RTM1 news. However for TV2 news which is broadcast at 8. 30pm, news reported is less localized. News reported are less localized with the balance of both local and international news making it more interesting for viewers and audience to know what is happening around the world.All news presented was current and akin(predicate) to RTM1. Example of local news presented by TV2 is recent BAKTI news and baby dumping cases. Example of International news reported by TV2 is Chinas agriculture state and about Tsunami victims in Japan. For entertainment base however, there was no actual entertainment sector in both RTM1 and TV2. Nevertheless, RTM1 did ha ve a small sector on promoting Sarawaks tourism and the beauty of the country. Included its history, background of Sarawak, wayang kulit and popular buildings. Basically, just promoting the country and encourage us to travel locally.Other than that, TV2 have a small segment called Today in History talking about history of our country hoping to educate us and remind us not to repeat history. RTM 1 had sign language translator which showed the channels concern to be able to cater all types of viewers. Other than that, RTM1 had relevant notes at the bottom of the screen for additional information as well. Audience can catch up on the notes if they happen to miss the reporters reporting on the news. Brief information and part on Malaysian stock markets was showed as well.TV2 news had clear and relevant points that simplified viewers understanding of the news shown. TV2 too had notes at the bottom of the screen as well making it audience friendly. News anchor looked more relaxed when pre senting the news compared to news anchor in RTM1. Unfortunately, TV2 does not have sign language translator. In a nutshell, both channels had clear and relevant videos to give a mental picture to viewers, clear basis in presenting news, and lastly, relevant interviews and quotes to strengthen the points made with the news presented. For style of writing, RTM1 used familiar words in reporting.Unfortunately, the how element was not described thoroughly in the news reporting of RTM1. The how element was missing. TV2 news uses formal English to present news in formal way. Nevertheless, the who, what, why, why, how element was all clearly mentioned in the broadcast piece which can definitely deliver the message to the news viewers. News in RTM1 is not as concrete as only brief information, a run through was given to the audience about the news. For example, only brief information was given about the announcement of the 1Malaysia email project. TV2 broadcast news is more concise and fact ual.The flow of broadcast news piece came out as more effective in TV2 news compared to RTM1 as the news in TV2 goes in order. News in RTM1 was formal and straight to the point. Some news presented was less important and they had videos shown with the news to create a scene. For TV2, was formal but less sift environment. Fortunately, more selection of news for viewers as it had a balance of both international and local news. Both channels had certain trades, time of news showed competitiveness as RTM1 news is at 8pm whereas RTM2 news broadcast at 8. 30pm. Audience would have to make a choice in choosing which news to watch.

Local and State Education Agencies Essay

Dear Colleagues,The purpose of this inscription is to provide a stand-alone sop up for local and convey precept agencies faced with the task of designing a new or upgrading an existing automated scholar entropy trunk. While base on a chapter from the Student data Handbook for Elementary, Secondary, and Early puerility upbringing, this guide contains additional information from a variety of resources, most of which are cited in the text. Included in the contents are guidelines, checklists, and real-life examples.This document was commissioned by the National precept Statistics Agenda Committee (NESAC) of the National Forum on knowledge Statistics (a part of the National Cooperative Education Statistics organization) and funded by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) of the U.S. Department of Education.Through contract with the Council of Chief State naturalize Officers (CCSSO) and NCES funding, this document was actual by Barbara S. Clements of Evaluation S oftware Publishing, Inc. It is an adaptation of the chapter, Building a Student Record System, contained in the Student Data Handbook for Elementary, Secondary, and Early Childhood Education 2000 Edition. Beth Young of NCES and Oona Cheung of CCSSO provided overall guidance to and focussing of this activity. Comments on the text were gratefully received from state and local fostering agency staff including Raymond Yeagley, Rochester (NH) School District, Lee Tack, Iowa Department of Education, Bethann Canada, Virginia Department of Education, and Carol Hokenson,Minnesota Department of Children, Families, and Learning. Design assistance was provided by The Creative Shop. The original Student Data Handbook was developed in 1994 by NCES. It was the result of the collaborative effort and work of NCES staff and contractors, the NESAC Student Data Task Force, local, state and federal program line representatives and researchers from around the country. We forecast this document will p rovide you with useful and interesting information to aid in designing your automated savant record book system.The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to statement in the United States and an some otherwise(prenominal) nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and hump statistics on the condition of education in the United States conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the superior general usual. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best articulate of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comment or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would analogous to hear from you.IntroductionThe national focus on student outcomes has placed an additional burden on our nations inculcates, drill districts, and state education agencies, for they must monitor the achievement of soul students, as well as groups of students, and show that all students are meeting high standards for learning. An education organizations ability to meet this challenge is affected by the organizations access to complete, accurate, and timely information about its students. This booklet has been developed to help educatio n organizations plan and implement efficient systems for maintaining and using individual student records so that effective decisions can be made for the benefit of the students.Many schools, school districts, and state education agencies already collect and use data effectively. However, the proliferation of new reporting requirements and dramatic changes in technology have had a profound effect on the need for student data and the education communitys ability to manage student records. Purchase of more powerful computer hardware and software product and the reconfiguration of information systems have become essential components in efforts to meet the needs of all students.There is probably no single best information system solution that can meet the needs of all 90,000+ public schools, 16,000+ school districts, 27,000private schools, and 57 education agencies in states and outlying areas. However, there are certain(prenominal) steps that could help all education organizations to determine the best solution for their particular situations. This booklet can lead education organization decision-makers through the member of making the best and most cost-effective decisions about information management systems devoted to individual student records.Building an Automated Student Record System describes steps that are useful for education organizations to follow when planning for, designing, and implementing an automated student record system. This booklet should be particularly useful if your school or district is moving from paper records to automated student records or if you are revising or replacing an existing system. In addition, you may find information that is useful if your state education agency is building a new student record system or expanding the collection of individual student records. content of this BookletIncluded are twelve steps to consider when developing andimplementing an automated student record system. Many of these steps are relevant t o the execution of any administrative record system, but our focus here is on the special considerations relating to student records, including confidentiality and access.After a general discussion about student records and student record systems, distributively step is described. Examples, case studies, and checklists are included to help you work your way through the steps and make crucial decisions. link resource documents will be described for some of the steps.It should be noted that this book is derived from a chapter that appears in the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Student Data Handbook for Elementary, Secondary, and Early Childhood Education 2000 Edition. In addition, information from other documents developed or sponsored by NCES and the advisory group, the National Forum on Education Statistics, are referenced and parts included in this booklet. Each of these documents is described in the Resource List at the end of the booklet, along with ways to t ake copies of the printed documents or the online versions.Student record is, by definition, any written information about a student. Student records can be described in cost of their contents (e.g., courses taken, grade point averages), use (e.g., identifying students eligible for the free lunch program), and storage medium (e.g., a manila file folder). The maintenance of extensive, accurate, historical, and current data about individual students is essential to the functioning of schools and school districts, and can promote effective educational practices at all levels of the education system.The contents of the student record are determined by the uses of the records. Typical contents may include family information, courses taken and grades, special program participation information, immunization records, assessment scores, extracurricular activities, and other information that is used by the education system to promote student success and provide appropriate services. Some of this information should be standard crossways classrooms, schools, districts, and states, while other information can be unique to the particular classroom, school, or district.Student records are used for many important educational purposes, including direction and guidance decisions monitor compliance with attendance and health laws and administrative purposes, such as determining tuition status, scheduling students into classes, planning school bus routes, monitoring program completion, and completing reports for local, state, and federal authorities. The student record usually contains the information necessary for each of these purposes at the school or district level.Instructional management systems are frequently linked to student record systems to provide more analytical capability for teachers and administrators. These systems allow for student learning plans, individualized education plans (IEPs), portfolios, and other student products to be stored and retrieved for instr uctional decision-making and achievement monitoring.A student record may be kept on file in a classroom, school office, school district office, intermediate agency, state education agency, or other approved location. The record may contain information collected from the student (or family) from teachers and other school staff and from other sources outside the school, such as health care providers or testing companies. The record for a student may be stored in a central location (such as a school computer) for the convenience of anyone with authorized access and a need to obtain information or there may be a separate paper or computer record maintained by each person who has contact with a student. Some parts of the record may even be stored outside the school, as happens when student health records are stored and maintained by the local public health service, or when state test scores are stored and maintained at the state education agency.No matter where the student records are st ored, procedures must be in place to ensure that access is granted only to authorized individuals and that only authorized individuals have the capacity to maintain (update) the records. Student records traditionally have been kept only at the school or district level. In recent years, however, many state education agencies have begun to collect individual student records. State-level records typically consist of data about student characteristics, program participation and assessment resultsa subset of the data usually maintained at the school and district levels. The purposes of state-level databases are to promote continuous improvement in schools, plan for program changes to help students achieve high standards, distribute funds, and hold schools and districts accountable for student achievement. Most of the information included in state-level databases comes directly from schools and districts, and the information may be transmitted electronically among levels of the states sch ool system.In summary, a complete student record may be a single file, or it can be made up of several separate records, each with specific content or uses and each stored and maintained in a different way.

Customer Satisfaction of Fast Food Chains Essay

Therefore, this field of study suspects whether separate important variables exist in exuberant fare attention consumer deportment patterns to support this result. This study tries to combine variables that are related to fast food for thought industry characteristics, such(prenominal) as ingestion relative frequency, perceived price and convenience, to propose an merged model of customer gladness and subjection in the fast food industry, and apply descent in proceeding as the mediator to discoer the major factors that partake customer satisf legal action and dedication in the fast food industry.This study has collected 594 effective questionnaires and applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to verify the diverse path relations of the study model. The study result found that in addition to being positively force by customer satisfaction, customer loyalty exit be impacted by customer relationship inaction to a greater extent. In the relationship of customer sat isfaction and customer loyalty, customer relationship inertia plays a key mediator.In addition, perceived price has a negative impact on customer satisfaction and relationship inertia. Convenience allow provoke customer satisfaction. Consumption frequency will enhance customer relationship inertia. Finally, this study expects to come through the study result to the fast food industry as a reference for enhancing the customer loyalty strategy. Key words Customer satisfaction, relationship inertia, customer loyalty, convenience, perceived price.INTRODUCTION The enhancement of national income and the change of consumption habits hold resulted in the rapid growth of the commercialise scale in the good industry. In 2008, the average ratio of the global service industry accounted for over 60% of the general Gross National Product (GNP), the average ration for major developed countries reached over 70%, and at the same time chinaware also reached 73. 2% (Central Intelligence Agenc y, 2009). Taking Taiwan as an example, the total turnover of food retail was NT$261. one thousand million in 2001, NT$302. 7 billion in 2006, and NT$321. 7 billion in 2009 (Ministry of Economic Affairs, R. O. C. , 2010). This indicates that the business scale of food retail has the gradual growth trend every year in Taiwan, and its market competition will inevitably hold out more intense. The fast food industry is the representative food retailer type in various countries. The overall fast food market in the US is expected to grow in the coming years and will cross the US$170 billion mark by 2010 (RNCOS, 2009). Corresponding author. E-mail m9019011chu. edu. tw Tel +886-2-28102292. Fax +886-2-2810-6688. Cheng et al. 5119 The fast food industry in Asias major countries, such as China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan back tooth also create a merchandiseion value over US$1 billion every year (Report buyer, 2009). However, occasionally, there will be nearly negative food safety events, such as the frying oil containing arsenic, and the beef event (Taiwan in the raws, 2010), which will impact the image and achievement of the corporation.However, after the do has passed, the sales performance of fast food industry bottom of the inning all rise rapidly. This result, in addition to the response management of when the industry has a corking crisis, is also a worthy exploration issue of consumers purchasing behavior in the fast food industry. For the service industry, the cost of developing a refreshing customer is at least 5 to 9 times the cost to bear an old customer (Raphel and Raphel, 1995).How to enhance customer satisfaction and customer loyalty will be the important factor that impacts the operational performance of the food retailer. Past studies indicate that customer loyalty will be positively impacted by customer satisfaction (Fornell, 1992 Gwinner et al. , 1998 HennigThurau et al. , 2002 Terblanche, 2006 Hsu, 2008). However, Bruhn and Grund (2000) pointe d out that the factors that impact customer loyalty may have some different important factors which are not take in the consideration.Some scholars found that when customers benefit from the past frequent consumption behavior, relationship inertia will be formed, and the past consumer behavior will be continued (Ouellette and Wood, 1998), then there will be no bulletproof motivation to look for alternative plans (Colgate and Danaher, 2000), and the service provider whoremaster therefore maintain the current relationship with the customer (Gounaris and Stathakopoulos, 2004). In the study of Carrasco et al. (2005), it also verified that in the consumption of food and service, consumers have the inertia behavior.In addition, consumers will have the habitual duplicateed purchase behavior due to convenient purchase or other factors (Heiens and Pleshko, 1997). When competitors offer a lower price, it will enhance the accident of the customer changing the purchase behavior (Wathne et al. , 2001), and also undermine the consumers consumption inertia for the sure company. The study found that there are triple issues existing in the studies of customer purchasing behavior in the fast food industry (1) Why can consumers rapidly return in such a short period of time after a fast food industry negative news outbreak, or even not be impacted at all.Therefore, regarding the factors that impact customer loyalty in the fast food industry, in addition to customer satisfaction, are there any other important impact factors? (2) The fast food industry is different from the general food retailer. It has the characteristics of being rapid, convenient, and having a low price however, the comm barely seen customer satisfaction model (e. g. American Customer Satisfaction Index European Customer Customer Satisfaction Index) cannot really present these characteristics. 3) Inertial behavior exists in the food purchasing behavior (Carrasco et al. , 2005). However, there have been n o scholars who have applied it to explore the relation between customer satisfaction and loyalty in the fast food industry. It can be seen that there is an important study gap that exists in the exploration of customer satisfaction and loyalty in the fast food industry therefore, it creates the motive for the study to explore this issue.The major study purpose of the study is to integrate the related variables of fast food industry characteristics, such as consumption frequency, perceived price and convenience, and propose a customer satisfaction and loyalty integrated model for the fast food industry, and apply relationship inertia as the mediator to find out the major factor that impacted the customer satisfaction and loyalty in fast food industry, with the expectation to provide it as a reference for the fast food industry in developing the improvement strategy of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.LITERATURE recap Customer satisfaction The primary task of a corporation is to create customer satisfaction. Profit is not the most important result after all, it is only the feedback after satisfying the customer (Drucker, 1954). As long as the customer is satisfied, the corporations profit will relatively increase. Along with the more and more intense market competition and the rise of consumer awareness, customer satisfaction has a significant impact on corporate profits, and it can provide the future product or service quality of the corporation as a reference according the past consumption have got and assessment of customers.Therefore, customer satisfaction has pose a recognized index which can be broadly applied in measuring customer consumption behavior. Customer satisfaction is regarded as customers can get more benefits than their cost (Liu and Yen, 2010). Different scholars definitions for customer satisfaction can be summarized as follows Oliver (1981) thinks that customer satisfaction is the comments made by the surprising experience of p roduct obtainment or consumption. Fornell (1992) pointed out that customer satisfaction is the overall measurement after a customer has purchased the product or used the service.It is the overall attitude created based on experience, which is the comparison of sooner (expectation) and after (feeling) the customer received the service (product). If the real feeling after receiving the service exceeded the expectation before receiving the service, then the customer will be satisfied if it is to the contrary, the customer will not be satisfied. 5120 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. In addition, Kotler (1997) thinks that customer satisfaction is a persons happiness or disappointment, which is formed by comparing his/her perceived product performance (or result) and his/her product expectation.To be more specific, satisfaction is the function of perceived performance and expectation. Lin (2007) pointed out that good service quality will indeed satisfy the diversified demands of the customer, which means customer satisfaction is the overall assessment of products and services processed by customers according to the past experience. When the actual service result provided by the service provider is higher than the customer service expectation, then the customer will be very satisfied if it is to the contrary, the customer will be very dissatisfied (Joewono and Kubota, 2007).In addition, Fornell et al. (1996) pointed out that the measurement of customer satisfaction can be divided into the overall satisfaction level of a customer on a corporation, the difference between expectation and actual feeling, and the difference between actual feeling and ideal perfect service (product). Combining all of the above-mentioned scholars dissertations, customer satisfaction is the result of comparing customer expectation and experience. Therefore, the study will refer to the perspective and measurement dimension of Fornell et al. (1996) as the basis for measuring food retailer satisfaction. Customer loyalty For the service industry, the cost of developing a new customer is at least 5 to 9 times the cost to maintain an old customer. If the customer loyalty can be change magnitude 5% effectively, then 25-85% profit can be increased (Raphel and Raphel, 1995). Therefore, if the service industry wants to reduce the expenditures on money and time cost, it shall focus on maintaining customers, not obtaining new customers (Oliver, 1999). It will bring a long-term or short-term profit by maintaining a long-term relationship with the customer, because maintaining long-term relationship refers to keeping the customer and obtaining his/her loyalty (Ranaweera and Prabhu, 2003). It can be seen that the importance of customer loyalty establishment on the service industry operation cannot be understated. If the food service industry can keep the customer and make him/her a loyal customer, then it will also be able to bring long-term operating efficiency. Dick and Basu (1994) pointed out that customer loyalty can be divided into true loyalty, false loyalty, potential loyalty and no loyalty according to the force out level of the relationship between the personal attitude and repurchase behavior.Schneider and Bowen (1999) pointed out that customer loyalty refers to a customers possible repurchase behavior, and willingness to become a member of the service institution. Neal (1999) thinks that customer loyalty is the performance of a consumer still choosing the same product or service after comparing it with other competitors products with the premise that the competitive product can be easily purchased, and it will go through the quadruplet stages of perceived loyalty, emotional loyalty, intentional loyalty and action loyalty (Oliver, 1999). In the measurement of customer loyalty, Zeithaml et al. 1996) pointed out that the measurement items of customer loyalty in customer behavior intention include repurchase after the price has increased (price valuation acc ount), priority purchase and recommendation. Fornell et al. (1996) thinks that customer loyalty can be measured by the repurchase will and customer price tolerance. Gronholdt et al. (2000) pointed out that customer loyalty be constructed by the four measurement indexes of the repurchase will, the will of recommending the company or brand to others, price tolerance and cross-purchase will of the customer.Finally, the study mainly refers to the perspectives of Fornell et al. (1996) and Zeithaml et al. (1996) and the service characteristics of the food retailer to summarize the measurement method of customer loyalty in the behavior dimension of the four measurement indexes, which are repurchase will, recommending to others, price tolerance and priority repurchase. Relationship inertia Relationship inertia is a fixed consumption pattern.With all consumption, customers will purchase the same product because of habit, without the need to spend energy or time to think too much during the d ecision do process (Assael, 1998). The apprehension for this type of consumer purchasing the same brand or purchasing the same product repeatedly is that they feel comfortable due to not having to make new choices. When purchasing the same brand again, it can save time, and by being familiar with the brand, there will be no sense of difference, and also can reduce the perceived risk (Bloemer and Kasper, 1994).Dick and Basu (1994) pointed out that the false loyalty in customer loyalty has the characteristic of low preference attitude, and high repeat purchase rate, and inertia is a kind of false loyalty performance. In addition, Oliver (1999) pointed out that after the consumer decides to be on the relationship inertia track of action loyalty with a brand, then the previous assessment, trial and elimination in the consumption process can be removed, therefore, relationship inertia is the performance of action loyalty.Colgate and Danaher (2000) proposed that relationship inertia is the basis of human nature. When the customer is used to a specific thing, he/she will not have the motive that is too strong to look for alternatives plans, which means habit is an automatic behavioral tendency responding to a persons past development (Limayem and Hirt, 2003). In other words, inertia is a specific future behavioral intension a person usually does and also Cheng et al. 5121 shows, which allows the current behavior to continue. Therefore people will continue and repeatedly do things in the way they are used to.Inertia is guided by rapid, easy, and the least attention grabbing perceived process, and can be a analogue processed with other activities, which does not have further thought or rational analysis on their behavior, and is just based on the habit (Ouellette and Wood, 1998 Gefen, 2003). subsequently combining the aforementioned perspectives and the characteristics of food retail, the study defines the relationship inertia of the fast food industry customer as c ustomers often form a bloodsucking and characteristic relationship with a specific food or service quality with their own habit factor.They will not have a motive that is too strong to look for alternative food service. Gremler (1995) defined relationship inertia as the inertial behavior during repeat purchase of consumers avoiding decision making and having high-repeatable visits. Therefore, If there are no other reasons, the original break in service will still be chosen, Unless Im not satisfied, the original store service will still be chosen, and It is most unlikely for me to shop in the store are used to measure relationship inertia.Carrasco et al. (2005) applied Panel data to view whether the customers consumption behavior has inertia, and found that indeed there is inertia behavior for consumers in the food and service consumption. From the abovementioned studies, the study refers to the perspectives of many scholars (Gremler, 1995 Gefen, 2003 Carrasco et al. , 2005) and co mbines them with the consumer characteristics of the fast food industry, and derived five items to measure the customer relationship inertia of the fast food industry.The items are respectively the fast food store visit inertia, familiarity, impression, will of continuous selection and will of enjoying to consume in this store. characteristics. It can be known from the abovementioned scholars perspectives that past frequency is often applied in measuring customer behavior intention, and to further understand consumer future behavior intention. With the frequency exploration of the abovementioned scholars, the study will apply the store consumption frequency at a specific time to measure the food consumption frequency.Perceived price Since the operating environment of the service industry changes rapidly, service industry suppliers often apply the method of reducing service quality to correspond to the dilemma of little profit, which therefore results in the lose-lose predicament of consumers and suppliers. From the consumer perspective, price is the amount which ask to be paid for the consumer to obtain the product (Hawkins et al. , 1983), or the price that the consumer must give up or sacrifice to obtain a product (Zeithaml, 1998).

Is the Chesapeake Bay at risk? Essay

The earth has witnessed a continued increase in its average surface and aerial temperatures, a phenomenon observed since the periods of industrial revolution struck the globe. Scientists and different experts on clime issues curb even projected a kick upstairs increase in this warming effect (Global warming) coupled with very catastrophic events that however a few lot can bear to imagine. This effect has been mainly attributed to the emissions of greenhouse gases mostly generated by various industrial activities carried out by pieceness.(K. Emanuel pp. 686-688) Physicists and chemists for instance, have even predicted this warming phenomenon to continue even beyond the year 2100 irrespective of whether or not the greenhouse gas discharges are stopped or not, owe to the large heat capacity of oceanic waters and also due to the fact that carbon dioxide has a substantially long lifetime in the gloriole as depicted from its isotopes. Global warming is reported to have brought al ong with it fear and also panic all over the human race.Despite this modernistic generations acquaintance with lots of sophisticated technology, the increasingly warming earth still poises a deleterious challenge which can no bimestrial be ignored. Unpredictable climatic patterns, drastic rise in sea levels, expansion of deserts, retreating glaciers, permafrost, shrinking forests, disappearance and reemergence of certain species amongst many an(prenominal) others are some of the adversities man will have to contend with now and in the near future.Chesapeake Bay is just but one of the many other features that have shown evidence of the executable global warming defects. This bay is not only a national treasure to both hunters and anglers, but it also performs a significant task for exterior en indeediasts. Global warming effects on Chesapeake Bay Experts have expressed fears of loosing this paradise as a precedeant consequence of global warming. According to vast research car ried out in this precious treasure of Chesapeake Bay, tip and even wildlife are the most affected by the dramatic events related to global warming.This is not unusual since changes attributed to global warming and their impacts on natural systems are witnessed globally. It will be a great loss to the government since major investments amounting billions of dollars have been channeled towards restoring its lavatory in the recent past. (M. S. Kearney pp. 12-22) Is Chesapeake Bay at risk? The drastic climatic change has resulted into warming of Chesapeake air and even water and this will in suit alter the favorable composition of this habitat to the known species.Dead zones will then be expected to drastically increase as a result with dangerous algal blooms replacing the current inhabitants. This will see the area become prone to marine diseases and even enhance the spread of some deadly invasive species like nutria. (T. Edward pp. 1). The waterfowls and even the fishes are also at a risk poised by the sea levels that are rapidly rising. Coastal marshes amongst many other important habitats will be flooded putting this significant resource more at risk.Heat waves, droughts and storms are some catastrophic events resulting from positive weather conditions that will significantly pollute the Chesapeake Bay drastically reduce the quality of its waters and eventually making it a health hazard to the people (T. Edward pp. 1). The social life of the people who frequent this bay will thus be affected by these unfortunate results of global warming. The migration patterns observed annually by waterfowls are also expected to change significantly because of the changing climate recorded by scientists across the North America.( R. W. Howarth pp. 163-186)These alterations in climate will further affect breeding grounds for this bird species and thus only few birds will be seen migrating to Chesapeake Bay annually. Available solutions and Conclusion Since human beings and other upkeep creatures have terribly suffered the dire consequences from global warming, it is only necessary that permanent solutions are put into place to prevent possible extinction of these races. (Webster pp. 1844-1846. ) History has it that, human problems usually find their solution within the race itself.It is indeed our powerful decisions today that influence our tomorrow. The kind of energy resources we exploit, the type of infrastructure we erect and where we build them, what kind of impacts they are likely to cause on our environment or even climate in the future, we make the decisions and so we have the solution In this particular case, the government or other relevant authority should put in place laws that govern pollution and particularly emission if greenhouse gases. inquiry has it that a reduction rate of 2% per year of these emissions will significantly improve chances of wildlife survival. These emissions are the major source responsible for global warming and thus it is essential that this initiative is extended to individuals and not solely performed by the government. The noble intent of wildlife managers on wildlife conservation and preservation for the future should be further ruin by allocating adequate funds specifically dedicated to the completion of this task.The citizens also have a mandatory role to play in protecting the wildlife and the fish of Chesapeake Bay by recognizing the importance of shielding forests and wetlands, and even all other natural habitats against all odds including the speedy urban development. Cited Work R. W. Howarth, et al. The influence of climate on average nitrogen export from large watersheds in the Northeastern United States. Biogeochemistry, 79,(2006) M. S.Kearney The Potential for Significant Impacts on Chesapeake Bay, Scientific Symposium Presentation Abstract, (Washington, D. C. Climate Institute, 2006). K. Emanuel, change magnitude Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones Over the Past 30 Yea rs, Nature. 436. (2005) Webster, et al. , Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment, Science 309 (2005) T. Edward Nickens, study Wildlife magazine (August / September 2002) T. Edward Nickens, National Wildlife magazine (December / January 2000)

Assessment Tools Analysis

Assessment Tools Analysis The vulnerable population of single low-income mothers and their children are at risk for poor health physically, socially, and psychologically. As a withstand, I know the importance of performing a complete nursing mind to provide the best nursing cautiousness. It is helpful to use available legal opinion tools to evaluate and fully assess the patient. Nurses need to be knowledgeable in assessment tools to expand the assessment process and evaluate clients in various stages and states of health, illness, stress, and life.In this paper, I will discuss and analyze three assessment tools The Beck Depression arsenal, The Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire, and The Family Hardiness Index. Beck Depression Inventory According to the Center for Psychological Studies (2010), the BDI is use to measure the presence and degree of depression. This self-reporting questionnaire measures depression symptoms, such as headache, constipation, loss of appetite, backac he or chronic fatigue (Viinamaki, Tanskanen, et al. , 2004). It is a straightforward, low-cost, easy to use, 21-item test presented in foursome-fold-choice format.The BDI is intended to be used in research and clinical settings to assess depression in adults and adolescents 13 and old. Administration of the BDI takes approximately five minutes. The test is each self-administered or verbally administered by trained personnel. Each item is a list of four statements about a particular symptom of depression, such as loss of appetite and sleep loss, and they are arranged in increasing severity. Validity and Reliability The BDI has been used for everyplace 35 years to identify depressive symptoms and is inform to be highly reliable in being able to distinguish depressed from non-depressed patients.The new version showed improved clinical sensitivity, with the reliability of the BDIII marker higher than the BDI (Center for Psychological Studies, 2010). Recently, the BDI has been upda ted and the name changed to BDI-II. The BDI-II conforms more closely to the diagnostic criteria for depression and specifically assesses for depression by identifying the presence and severity of symptoms. This increased the severity. care for hitherto though mood disorders are common in the general population, many people suffering from depression remain undiagnosed (Viinamaki, Tanskanen, et al. , 2004).Because many low-income single mothers want self-esteem, self-confidence, and adequate coping skills, leading them to feel isolated and alone, this vulnerable population is especially at risk for depression. The nurse can use the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess each patient for signs and symptoms of depression. Using this tool within the nursing assessment will help the nurse to differentiate patients experiencing symptoms of depression. This will hence hold the nurse an opportunity for teaching and information on therapy, counseling, or outpatient psychiatric follow -up can be provided to the patient.Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire The Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire is self-administered, low-cost, and measures multiple dimensions of social support including affect, affirmation, and aide. Nine categories are used to determine sources of support, and size, stability, and accessibility of those sources are measured. The Social Supports Questionnaire measures include the kinds of help and support that the parent/caregiver and young received from people in the past 6 months, and the kinds of people who helped the parent/caregiver and youth in the past 6 months (Kernan & Morilus-Black, 2010, p. 258).Adults and adolescents 13 or older are asked to list the first names or initials for each significant person in his or her life, such as spouse, relatives, friends, neighbors, etc. The patient then labels the kind of relationship he or she shares with each person listed Finally, the patient then rates and describes the amount of support availab le from each person on the list. The amount of social support can then be calculated. Validity and Reliability Reliability was assessed through analysis of consistency and test-retest measures taken a workweek apart. High levels of consistency and reliability were found.According to a study published by UCSF School of Medicine (2005), the test-retest correlations were Affect, 0. 89 Affirmation, 0. 88 and Aid, 0. 86 and response bias, which ranged from 0. 01 to 0. 17, was not significant. Nursing The nurse must accurately assess the patients social support, especially in the vulnerable population of single low-income mothers. According to Campbell-Grossman, Hudson, Keating-Lefler, & Fleck (2005), understaffed social support is related to poor public health outcomes, particularly in conditions of stress such as poverty and single motherhood (p. 242).Nursing care of single mothers needs to focus on teaching, providing information on community resources, and providing support and enco uragement. Family Hardiness Index Low- income single mothers experience many personal barriers to booming parenthood, usually because they suffer from the stress of new responsibilities with minimal resources to back them up. Major life changes can occur within the single parent household with family anatomical structure and function. Family and job demands, and family strengths, capabilities, and weaknesses all play a role in how families, including children, adapt to the current situation (Robinson, 2003).The Family Hardiness Index (FHI) can be used with adults and children over the age of nine to assess family adaptation. Hardiness is defined as the family members internal strengths and durability as characterized by an ability to work together to find solutions to difficulties, a view of change as beneficial and growth producing rather than threatening, and a sense of control over the outcomes of life events and hardships (Leske& Jiricka, 1998, p. 383). The Family Hardiness In dex is a 20-item questionnaire.It measures four components families use to respond to stressful life events confidence, challenge, commitment, and control (Leske& Jiricka, 1998). Patients indicate on a three-point scale how well the questions or statements apply to their life and their family situation, and the wads are calculated by adding the values of the responses. Validity and Reliability According to a study described by Leske & Jiricka (1998), reported internal consistency and reliability of the FHI is 0. 82, and validity is strong. This study was on a combined sample of 51 family members going through major life changes and challenges.Alpha reliability was 0. 98 for the total resource scores of their study (Leske & Jiricka, 1998). Increases in scores were related to adequate resources, coping, problem-solving communication, and family adaption. Response bias is possible due to the self-report nature of the questionnaire (Leske & Jiricka, 1998). Nursing The nurse needs to as sess the unhurt person sometimes this includes the family as one unit because children are a part of the vulnerable population too. Studies of parenting have shown that low-income families with maternal hardships impede the childrens cognitive and societal abilities (Mechanic & Tanner, 2007). Family deprivations also increase the probability of abuse and neglect of children, who then seek to escape the household early, associate with inappropriate peers, form tenuous internal partnerships, have early pregnancies, and often replicate the pattern of inadequate parenting they experienced as children (Mechanic & Tanner, 2007, p. 1223). The nurse can use this low-cost questionnaire to assess family functioning and family hardiness. desegregation Watsons Theory of Human Caring Watson believes nursing should focus on health promotion and treating the whole person body, mind, and spirit.The transpersonal caring relationship builds when the nurse shows come to about the whole person and fully commits to protect and enhance the persons human dignity. The nurses caring consciousness essentially allows a deeper connection between the person and the nurse, in which each person involved can understand the others perspective (Watson Caring Science Institute, 2009). The discussed assessment tools enhance the assessment phase of the nursing process, allowing the patient and nurse an opening opportunity for conversation, leading to a caring moment, and improving the quality of health care delivered by the nurse on a personal level.Conclusion The Beck Depression Inventory, The Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire, and The Family Hardiness Index are three tools available to assist the nurse in finish a fully assessment of the patient and families. These tools can be used with many different age groups, are low-cost, straightforward, and easy to use. Researching the tools for this paper has helped me to understand the importance of fully evaluating clients in various stages a nd states of health, illness, stress and life. These tools improve the quality of health care delivered by the nurse by enhancing the assessment phase of the nursing process.References Campbell-Grossman, C. , Hudson, D. , Keating-Lefler, R. , & Fleck, M. (2005). participation Leaders Perceptions of Single, Low-Income Mothers Needs and Concerns for Social Support. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 22(4), 241-257. (doi10. 1207/s15327655jchn2204_6). Center for Psychological Studies. (2010). Beck depression inventory. Retrieved from http//www. cps. nova. edu/cpphelp/BDI. html Kernan, J. , & Morilus-Black, M.. (2010). Social supports for youth and families. Community Mental Health Journal, 46(3), 258-64. Retrieved shocking 20, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Complete. (Document ID 2026204261). Leske, J. S. & Jiricka, M. K. (1998). Family well-being and adaption after critical injury. American Journal of Critical Care, 7(5), 383-392. Retrieved from MEDLINE with Full Text database, University o f Phoenix Research Library. Mechanic, D. , & Tanner, J. (2007). Vulnerable people, groups, and populations societal view. Health personal matters (Project Hope), 26(5), 1220-1230. Retrieved from MEDLINE with Full Text database. Robinson, M. B. (2003). Family hardiness index- Methodology for use with children. Ph. D. dissertation, Saint Louis University, United States-Missouri. Retrieved from ProQuest Nursing & Allied Heath Source, Publication No.AAT 3130049. UCSF School of Medicine. (2005). Summary of psychometric test of the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire. Retrieved from http//nurseweb. ucsf. edu/www/NSSQ-Psychometric. pdf Viinamaki, H. , Tanskanen, A. , Honkalampi, K. , Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. , Haatainen, K. , Kaustio, O. , et al. (2004). Is the Beck Depression Inventory suitable for screening major depression in different phases of the disease? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(1), 49-53. Retrieved from schoolman Search Complete database. Watson Caring Science Institute. ( 2009). Transpersonal caring and the caring moment defined. Retrieved from

Bank Management Chapter 7

Suggested demise-of-Chapter Practice Questions Chapter Seven Chapter 71, 2, 3, 7, 11, 13, 19, 22, 29, 32, 33, problem similar to HW 1. What is the process of asset transformation performed by a financial g overnance? Why does this process often lead to the creation of participation rate seek? What is following rate chance? Asset transformation by an FI involves get primary assets and issuing second-string assets as a source of funds. The primary securities purchased by the FI often have maturity and fluidity characteristics that are different from the secondary securities issued by the FI.For example, a bank buys medium- to semipermanent bonds and makes medium-term loans with funds raised by issuing short-term deposits. gratify rate riskiness occurs because the charges and re investment income characteristics of long-term assets react other(a)wise to changes in foodstuff interest rank than the prices and interest expense characteristics of short-term deposits. Interest rate risk is the power on prices ( observe) and interim cash flows (interest verifier payment) caused by changes in the level of interest range during the life of the financial asset. . What is refinancing risk? How is refinancing risk part of interest rate risk? If an FI funds long-term fixed-rate assets with short-term liabilities, what leave alone be the impact on earnings of an increase in the rate of interest? A decrease in the rate of interest? Refinancing risk is the uncertainty of the toll of a clean source of funds that are being used to finance a long-term fixed-rate asset. This risk occurs when an FI is keeping assets with maturities greater than the maturities of its liabilities.For example, if a bank has a ten- stratum fixed-rate loan funded by a 2-year time deposit, the bank slips a risk of borrowing new deposits, or refinancing, at a higher rate in two years. Thus, interest rate increases would reduce realize interest income. The bank would benefit if the ra tes fall as the cost of renewing the deposits would decrease, while the earning rate on the assets would not change. In this case, net interest income would increase. 3. What is reinvestment risk? How is reinvestment risk part of interest rate risk?If an FI funds short-term assets with long-term liabilities, what will be the impact on earnings of a decrease in the rate of interest? An increase in the rate of interest? Reinvestment risk is the uncertainty of the earning rate on the redeployment of assets that have matured. This risk occurs when an FI holds assets with maturities that are less than the maturities of its liabilities. For example, if a bank has a biennial loan funded by a ten-year fixed-rate time deposit, the bank faces the risk that it might be forced to lend or reinvest the m unmatchabley at lower rates after two years, perhaps even below the deposit rates.Also, if the bank receives periodic cash flows, such as coupon payments from a bond or monthly payments on a loa n, these periodic cash flows will also be reinvested at the new lower (or higher) interest rates. Besides the effect on the income statement, this reinvestment risk may cause the realized yields on the assets to differ from the a priori expected yields. 7. How does the policy of matching the maturities of assets and liabilities work (a) to minimize interest rate risk and (b) against the asset-transformation function for FIs?A policy of maturity matching will allow changes in market interest rates to have approximately the same effect on both interest income and interest expense. An increase in rates will tend to increase both income and expense, and a decrease in rates will tend to decrease both income and expense. The changes in income and expense may not be equal because of different cash flow characteristics of the assets and liabilities. The asset-transformation function of an FI involves investing short-term liabilities into long-term assets.Maturity matching clearly works aga inst successful implementation of this process. 11. A money market mutual fund bought $1,000,000 of two-year Treasury notes sise months ago. During this time, the value of the securities has increased, however for tax reasons the mutual fund wants to postpone any sale for two more months. What type of risk does the mutual fund face for the next two months? The mutual fund faces the risk of interest rates rising and the value of the securities falling. 13. What is market risk? How do the results of this risk surface in the operational performance of financial institutions?What actions can be taken by FI management to minimize the effects of this risk? Market risk is the risk of price changes that affects any firm that trades assets and liabilities. The risk can surface because of changes in interest rates, exchange rates, or any other prices of financial assets that are traded rather than held on the balance sheet. Market risk can be minimized by using appropriate hedging techniqu es such as futures, options, and swaps, and by implementing controls that limit the metre of moving picture taken by market makers. 14.What is credit risk? Which types of FIs are more susceptible to this type of risk? Why? Credit risk is the misadventure that promised cash flows may not occur or may barely partially occur. FIs that lend money for long periods of time, whether as loans or by acquire bonds, are more susceptible to this risk than those FIs that have short investment horizons. For example, life insurance companies and depository institutions generally essential wait a long-run time for returns to be realized than money market mutual funds and property-casualty insurance companies. 19.What is the difference between technology risk and operational risk? How does internationalizing the payments arrangement among banks increase operational risk? Technology risk refers to the uncertainty surrounding the implementation of new technology in the operations of an FI. For example, if an FI spends millions on upgrading its computer systems but is not able to recapture its costs because its productivity has not increased commensurately or because the technology has already become obsolete, it has invested in a negative NPV investment in technology.Operational risk refers to the failure of the back-room support operations necessary to maintain the smooth functioning of the operation of FIs, including settlement, clearing, and other transaction-related activities. For example, computerized payment systems such as Fedwire, CHIPS, and bustling allow modern financial intermediaries to transfer funds, securities, and messages across the world in seconds of real time. This creates the opportunity to engage in global financial transactions over a short term in an extremely cost-efficient manner.However, the interdependence of such transactions also creates settlement risk. Typically, any given transaction leads to other transactions as funds and securities c ross the globe. If there is either a transmittal failure or high-tech fraud affecting any one of the intermediate transactions, this could cause an unraveling of all subsequent transactions. 22. If you expect the French franc to depreciate in the near future, would a U. S. -based FI in Paris prefer to be net long or net short in its asset positions? Discuss. The U. S.FI would prefer to be net short (liabilities greater than assets) in its asset position. The depreciation of the franc copulation to the vaulting horse means that the U. S. FI would pay back the net liability position with fewer dollars. In other words, the decrease in the foreign assets in dollar value after conversion will be less than the decrease in the value of the foreign liabilities in dollar value after conversion. 29. What is realm or sovereign risk? What remedy does an FI realistically have in the event of a collapsing country or currency?Country risk involves the preventive of a foreign government in the transmission of funds transfer to repay a debt by a foreign borrower. A lender FI has real little recourse in this situation unless the FI is able to restructure the debt or demonstrate influence over the future supply of funds to the country in question. This influence likely would involve significant working relationships with the IMF and the World Bank. 32. What is liquidity risk? What routine operating factors allow FIs to deal with this risk in generation of normal sparing activity?What market reality can create severe financial difficulty for an FI in times of extreme liquidity crises? liquidity risk is the uncertainty that an FI may need to obtain large amounts of cash to meet the withdrawals of depositors or other liability claimants. In times of normal economic activity, depository FIs meet cash withdrawals by accepting new deposits and borrowing funds in the short-term money markets. However, in times of harsh liquidity crises, the FI may need to sell assets at signifi cant losses in order to generate cash quickly. 33.Why can insolvency risk be classified as a consequence or outcome of any or all of the other types of risks? Insolvency risk is the risk that an FI may not have enough chapiter to offset a sudden decline in the value of its assets. This risk involves the shortfall of capital in times when the operating performance of the institution generates history losses. These losses may be the result of one or more of interest rate, market, credit, liquidity, sovereign, foreign exchange, technological, and off-balance-sheet risks. 34. Discuss the interrelationships among the different sources of FI risk exposure.Why would the construction of an FIs risk management model to measure and manage only one type of risk be incomplete? Measuring each source of FI risk exposure individually creates the false impression that they are independent of each other. For example, the interest rate risk exposure of an FI could be reduced by requiring customers to take on more interest rate risk exposure through the use of floating rate products. However, this reduction in FI risk may be obtained only at the possible expense of increased credit risk. That is, customers experiencing osses resulting from unanticipated interest rate changes may be forced into insolvency, thereby increasing the FIs inattention risk. Similarly, off-balance sheet risk encompasses several risks since off-balance sheet contingent contracts typically have credit risk and interest rate risk as well as currency risk. Moreover, the failure of collection and payment systems may lead corporate customers into bankruptcy. Thus, technology risk may influence the credit risk of FIs. As a result of these interdependencies, FIs have focused on developing sophisticated models that attempt to measure all of the risks faced by the FI at any point in time.Practice 1. A bank has the following balance sheet structure AssetsLiabilities and Equity Cash$10,000Certificate of Deposit$9 0,000 Bond$90,000Equity $10,000 Total Assets$100,000Total Liabilities and Equity$100,000 The bond is a Eurobond it has a ten-year maturity and a fixed-rate coupon of 6 percent. The certificate of deposit has a one-year maturity and a 4 percent fixed rate of interest. The FI expects no additional asset growth. a. What will be the net interest income (NII) at the end of the first year? Note Net interest income equals interest income damaging interest expense. b.If at the end of year 1, market interest rates have increased 100 basis points (1 percent), what will be the net interest income for the second year? Is the change in NII caused by reinvestment risk or refinancing risk? c. assumptive that market interest rates increase 1 percent. (i) What will be the market value of the bond? (ii) What will be the market value of candour? (Assume that all of the NII in part (a) is used to cover operating expenses or is distributed as dividends, so that there is no addition to retained earnin gs. ) a. What will be the net interest income (NII) at the end of the first year?Note Net interest income equals interest income minus interest expense. Interest income$5,400$90,000 x 0. 06 Interest expense 3,600$90,000 x 0. 04 Net interest income (NII)$1,800 b. If at the end of year 1, market interest rates have increased 100 basis points (1 percent), what will be the net interest income for the second year? Interest income$5,400$90,000 x 0. 06 Interest expense 4,500$90,000 x 0. 05 Net interest income (NII)$900 The decrease in net interest income is caused by the increase in financing cost without a corresponding increase in the earnings rate.The increase in market interest rates does not affect the interest income because the bond has a fixed-rate coupon for ten years. Note this answer makes no assumption about reinvesting the first years interest income at the new higher rate. c. Assuming that market interest rates increase 1 percent. (i) What will be the market value of the bond ? (ii) What will be the market value of equity? (Assume that all of the NII in part (a) is used to cover operating expenses or is distributed as dividends, so that there is no addition to retained earnings. Note market value of equity falls due to lower market value of the bond If the coupon rate is 6%, yield to maturity = 7%, and then using our financial calculator, N = 9 (only 9 years left), PMT = 540, I = 7%, FV = 90,000. Compute PV find PV = -84,136. 29. Hence the market value of the bond overlook from $90,000 to $84,136. 29 (a decrease of $5,863. 71). Since the interest rate on the CD has risen (it had only a one year maturity so it gets a new interest rate when it is re-issued), the market value of the CD is $90,000 (interest rate = coupon rate on the CD).Consequently, it is the market value of equity that will decline. If the bank must sell the bond, it will sell it at the lower market value and realize the loss. The book value of equity has remained at 10,000, but the mark et value of equity has fallen by the amount of the decrease in the value of the bonds. This was a problem faced by banks in 2008, when the market value of the mortgage debt and mortgage backed securities and CDOs (collateralized debt obligations) fell some of them had negative equity in market value terms.

Environmental Science Essay

Environment is one of the most discussed topics in the multinational community and is one of the many concerns of political leaders today. Due to this, disparate environsal issues have arisen such as the climate win over, sustainable development, and air pollution. Climate change is the most popular and most discussed issue in the international community today. According to the European Commission, climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social, and economic threats facing the planet (European Commission, 2008).I have learned that climate change is the altering of the temperature of the earth. It is something that we all experience non only in one region of the world but to a fault in different parts of the globe, as depicted in the images that the media argon presenting to us. The issue on climate change and other environmental concerns caused the United Nations to form a policy as a countermeasure. Thus, the term sustainable development emerged.In a report of Worl d Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987 entitled Our Common Future, sustainable development is referred to as a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (cited in Bankobesa, 2005). The statement caught my pastime because it captured the essence of why our environment must be taken care of. The thought of having the future generation suffer due to the actions and decisions of the present generation does non reflect a very beautiful image in my mind.Maintaining the environment is an obligation for the present generation because of the necessities of the future. Air pollution is another issue that I am very much concerned about. There are outdoor and indoor pollutions, such as black carbon pollutions and noxious gases which could affect the environment and inflict serious health problems to people when inhaled, such as irritation of the nose, eyes and throat, bronchitis, pneumonia , lung cancer, and heart disease just to name a few (Lawrence Berkeley home(a) Laboratory, n.d. ). These issues which have grabbed my attention and concern are all too big a problem to be solved by one person only. As the International Education and Resource Network (iEARN) (2008) put it, we have One world, One environment. Hence, these environmental which affect the whole world can only be addressed when each and every one of us will cooperate with each other. However, everyone must be aware first of the problems of the environment.This is the reason why several(prenominal) promotional campaigns and awareness programs, such as the ads made by Hollywood celebrities, have emerged to encourage the Americans and the rest of the world to fight against their advocacies. By making them more aware of these environmental issues, individuals would be able to do their part in protecting the environment and saving it from disintegration. To increase the amount of help they can give, I sugge st that they join organizations that combat environmental issues. I learned that environmental science cannot be separated from the lives of human beings.Although some people may not notice it, environmental science is part of our daily lives and is highly evident. Although some of the effects of these environmental issues are rooted from the changes in nature itself, most of them are provoked by human activities such as smoke belching, illegal logging, improper dumping of waste, and many more. Thus, while we perform the activities that could harm our environment, we are also the ones who can alter the consequences that gave rise to these environmental issues. Therefore, working together towards addressing these problems would only be solved through cooperation and unity.ReferencesBankobesa, G. M. (2005). Ozone Protection The International Legal Regime. The Netherlands AJ Utrecht. European Commission. (2008, may 05). Environment Climate Change. Retrieved whitethorn 05, 2008 from ht tp//ec. europa. eu/environment/climat/home_en. htm International Education and Resource Network (iEARN). (n. d. ). One world, one environment. Retrieved May 05, 2008, from https//media. iearn. org/node/205 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2008, May 05). Indoor & outdoor air pollution. ELSI Project. Retrieved May 05, 2008, from http//www. lbl. gov/Education/ELSI/pollution-main. html

Motivational Theories and Factors Essay

According to DuBrin, motivation is an energizing repulse that stimulates arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior (2004, p. 121). It is the force inside the individual and process which wholeows us to get others to put frontwards travail. There are many motivational theories that mickle be used to affect others (DuBrin, 2004). In the workplace, managers may need to find ways to trigger their employees. Three ways a manager might strickle their employees are Setting goals, using operant conditioning to change behaviors, and using monetary incentives.These may all be used to motivate employees (DuBrin, 2004). Goals are what motivate us and others to strive to achieve accomplishments either delimitate by ourselves or others. Goals create a self-dissatisfaction within us which gives us an incentive to reduce this dissatisfaction by achieving our goal. By setting goals, employees can improve performance and increase productivity (DuBrin, 2004). Another way to motivate e mployees is to use operant conditioning as used by B. F. Skinner.By providing rewards and punishments for behaviors, an employer can motivate employees to qualify behaviors by providing consequences. An employee can use an incentive for positive behaviors such as increasing sales and receiving a commission or promotion. For negative behaviors such as not meeting goals set, an employer might demote the employee or even take away commissions or the promise of a promotion (DuBrin, 2004). Monetary rewards can be used to motivate an employee to improve performance and production.By offering commission or a raise, an employee ordain be motivated to achieve. By setting clear expectations, an employee can strive to attain or sink expectations, knowing what they testament be eligible to recover the incentive. (DuBrin, 2004). I believe that the three ways of move others, can also help me motivate myself. By setting soulfulnessal goals for myself, I can motivate myself to accomplish tho se goals. After achieving the original goals, I will set higher goals to challenge me. Monetary or recognition rewards will also motivate me to be more productive.When given a choice amongst being rewarded or punished for behaviors, I will always avoid the negative behavior and favor for achieving rewards (DuBrin, 2004). Vrooms Expectancy theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory are ii popular motivational theories. The Expectancy theory and Hierarchy of Needs theory have similar and severalize ways of motivation. The Expectancy theory focuses on personal choices that an individual must make when faced with the curtain raising of working hard to achieve rewards and are affected by individual acquaintances.Expectancy is how a person perceives the subject probability that one thing will lead to another. How a persons perception of expectancy for effort will lead to performance and how performance will lead to reward probabilities (valance) increase, so does a persons motivat ion force increase. (Scholl, 2002). The Hierarchy of Needs theory is based on satisfying our innate physiological needs first (food, shelter, water), then safety (job security, earning an income), then moving up the hierarchy ladder to satisfy our need for growth (love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.Maslow states that until our basic needs are met first, we cannot move up the hierarchy ladder (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2011). The two theories are similar because they both have forces that drive our motivation. However, Maslow generalizes close our motivation whereas Vroom shows that the same people are motivated by incompatible things at different successions and that different people are motivated by different things at the same time (Motivation Types, 2009).Vroom does not attempt to explain a persons motivation like Maslow. Instead, he explains how people arrive at decisions to achieve the end they value. Both can be motivated by needs and self-es teem (Scholl, 2002). While financial incentives can be a good motivational tool, it can also have drawbacks. By offering monetary, promotions, or employee benefits to employees, it can increase an employees performance and production. However, the drawbacks to this are a decrease in teamwork and inequitable rewards.If a person is working toward a goal to receive a monetary reward, he will most likely be less of a team player due to competition with coworkers. If monetary rewards go by income, a person who makes less will receive less monetary rewards than someone who receives a higher salary. An example of this is profit sharing (Ehow Money, 2012). sometimes it may be better to have monetary rewards given as a team effort or equitable financial rewards for the same job performance.

Polavaram Dam Project

Polavaram Project is a multi-purpose irrigation bewilder which has been accorded national drift status by the central political science. This dam across the Godavari River is under construction. It is located in air jacket Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh state of India. PURPOSE National River-Linking Project, which works under the aegis of the Indian Ministry of Water Resources, was designed to overcome the shortage in pee in the country. As a plowshare of this plan, surplus water from the Himalayanrivers is to be transferred to the peninsular rivers of India.This exercise, with a combined network of 30 river-links and a occur length of 14,900 kilometres (9,300 mi) at an estimated cost of US$120 billion (in 1999), would be the largest ever infrastructure support in the world. In this projects case, the Godavari Riverbasin is considered as a surplus one, while theKrishna River basin is considered to be a deficit one. As of 2008, 644 tmcft of underutilised water from Godava ri River flowed into the Bay of Bengal.Based on the estimated water requirements in 2025, the Study recommended that sizeable surplus water was to be transferred from the Godavari River basin to the Krishna River basin. In July 1941, the first conceptual proposal for the project came from the erstwhile Madras Presidency. Later diwan Bahadur L. Venkata Krishna Iyer, then chief engineer in the Presidencys irrigation department, do the first survey of the project site and made a definitive proposal for a reservoir at Polavaram.Sri Iyer not only visioned cultivation of 350,000 kingdom (140,000 ha) over two crop seasons through this project, but excessively planned for a 40 megawatt hydro voltaic plant within the project. The entire project was estimated to cost about 65 million (US$990,000). The old final exam designs of Polavaram dam was planned at full reservoir level (FRL) 208 ft MSL with 836 tmcft gross storage susceptibility and 150 MW hydroelectric plant. By 194647, the estim ated cost rose to 1. 29 billion.It was christened as Ramapada Sagar Project since the backwaters of the reservoir would abut the Lord Rama temple at Bhadrachalam. In the old finalised project design by Dr. K. L. Rao, the right stick canal of Polavaram project was extended to south of Krishna River to serve irrigation needs in old Guntur district by envisaging aqueduct across the Krishna River. The project presently under construction is scaled down to FRL 150 ft MSL. The project cost estimate in 2004 stood at ?86. 21 billion. In 1980, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh T.Anjaiah hardened the foundation stone for the project. However the project stayed idle until 2004 when the Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy-led government came to power. In 2004, the Government of Andhra Pradesh sanctioned 13. 2 billion (US$200 million) for the project. Soon after, tenders were issued for the commensurate worth of services for the right canal of the project. For the left canal, other 13. 53 billion we re sanctioned by the state government. The dam could not be taken up for construction during the populate century on techno economical grounds.The proposed dam site at Polavaram is located where the river emerges from the last range of the Eastern Ghatsinto plains covered with complex alluvial sandy strata. At Polavaram, the river width is about 1500 m. In view of large depth of excavation which is more than 30 m deep, to reach hard rock music at this dam site, the dam project was not found economical to take up. However a lucrative skip site is feasible located in upstream of Polavaram site where the river passes through deep gorges of Papi hill range. The width of river is about 300 m only in the rocky gorge stretch.Thirty days back, this alternative was found technologically challenging task to connect the reservoir with the irrigation canals via tunnels across the ghat area. Also dear(p) underground hydro electric station is mandated compared to river bed based hydro elect ric station. When the project was actually taken up in the year 2004, the old finalised designs at Polavaram site are adopted without re-examining the latest cost of upstream alternate site in view of state of the art construction technology of tunnels and underground hydro electric station.The progress up to the year 2012 in construction of dam structures and the hydro electric station is almost nil. The alternate site located in the gorge stretch is still worth of re-examination to reduce the ever increase cost of Polavaran dam. The spillway and non-overflow dam are founded onKhondalite bed rock in Polavaram Project. Khondalites, which are feldspar-rich, often block up soft graphite, hard garnet, etc. in addition to other minerals. Khondalites are highly weathered and therefore unsuitable at dam site.As of 2004, the proposed project would hold 75. 2 tmcftthereby enabling irrigation of an additional 232,000 acre in Krishna, West Godavari, East Godavari,Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts of Andhra Pradesh. 7 The project would constitute an earth-cum-rock fill dam of 2,310 metres (7,580 ft) length, spillway of 907 metres (2,976 ft) with 44 vents to enable discharge of 3,600,000 cu ft/s (100,000 m3/s) of water. To its left, 12water turbines, each having 80 megawatt capacity, were to be installed.The right canal connecting to Krishna River in the upstream of Prakasam bombard (173 kilometres (107 mi) long) discharges 17,500 cu ft/s (500 m3/s) at head works and left canal (182 kilometres (113 mi) long) discharges 17,500 cu ft/s (500 m3/s) of water. 7 The proposed project would displace 276 villages and 44,574 families spread across three districts of Andhra Pradesh. Tribals constitute 50% of such a displaced population. 13 Human rights activists came out against the project because of these reasons.In addition, one activist pointed out that this interlinking of the rivers will harm the interests of the Telangana and Rayalaseemaregions of the st ate. 14 environmental activist Medha Patkar said that the project not only will displace several thousands of families, it will also submerge severalarchaeological sites, coal deposits, a wildlife sanctuaryand several hectares of farm state of matter. 15 Sixty-four years after the initial inclination of the project, the Government of Andhra Pradesh secured the environmental clearance from the central agency in 2005.This clearance was obtained after the state government prepared a ?4,500 crore forest management plan and rehabilitation and resettlement proposal covering 59,756 hectares that were world lost under the project. In addition, ?40,000 was to be allotted for each dwelling to be constructed for the displaced as against ?25,000 provided by other states. 16 Despite this clearance, the project faced political roadblocks. The Communist Party of India (M) and Telangana Rashtra Samithi were troubled with the issue of absorption agricultural lands and the detriment to Telangana, respectively. 1718Meanwhile, work on the project began in April 2006 and was expected to be completed by February 2007. 19After 30% work of excavation work on the canals and 15% of the spillway works had been completed, the work was halted in May 2006 to seek clearance from the Ministry of Forests and milieu. 20 The neighbouring state of Orissa also expressed its concern on the submerging of its land and decided to study this together with the officials from Andhra Pradesh. 21 In response, Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Late Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy clarified that neither Orissa nor Chattisgarh would be affected by the construction.The problem continued until 2010, when Chief Minister of Orissa Naveen Patnaik remained steadfast in his demand for allowance and rehabilitation of tribals of his state who would be displaced due to the submerging of their land. Orissa and Chattisgarh have filed a petition in the irresponsible Court against the Project which submerges large areas of its state and allege that Andhra Pradesh of going ahead with the project without the necessary permissions from CWC and Environment Ministry. The states also allege that public hearing in the effected areas for not held.

Laptops in the Classroom Essay

The essay Laptops in the Classroom? No Problem by Elena Choy, states that banning laptop computers in the classroom in non the answer. I agree with Choy beca work with laptops in a classroom, students can access the internet and this is a great tool for investigate and also a means of communication by using tools like chats, e-mails and forums. With the arrival of the internet we were confronted with unseasoned possibilities, challenges and uncertainties in the process of learning and teaching.How can students and teachers adapt to a learning process involving a engineering science that is becoming increasingly sophisticated, and more challenging? For me, teaching, in a broad context, is to select and organize hunch forwardledge in graze to transform it into knowledge. Laptops can facilitate individual and group research as hale as the exchange of ideas between teachers, their colleagues and their students. Using laptops to access the internet provides students with an exch ange of experiences, questions, materials, personal exchanges, both of whom argon geographically near and far.Laptops can help teachers to better prep atomic number 18 their class by expanding the ways to teach, to transfigure the evaluation process and communication with students and colleagues. Choy lists many factors in favor of banning laptops in the classroom let me try to give a reasoned statement of my position, a statement that volition take work out of the contrary position. In fact, Ill begin with what I take to be the arguments in favor of banning laptops.I believe the chief argument are these (1) the upraised lids of laptops distract the teacher, and they often prevent the instructor from making eye contact with the students (2) laptops distract other students, who cannot help but see what is on screens for antecedent video games (3) students who use laptops to take notes overly extensive notes, so they are doing stenography rather than view rather, one might al i ntimately say, than paying certain attention to the significant content of the ply (4) because they are so busy taking notes, laptops users tend not to participate in whatever discussion there may be in the course because they are too busy taking notes (Choy 272).Teachers need to be prepared to use laptops and freshly technologies in the classroom, because this will increase the performance of students and overcome their difficulties and the idea to forbidding laptops chiefly comes not from students but from professors because they are disturbed by the lack of eye-contact (Choy 273). Working with paper and draw with student in the 21st century creates conflicts and in some situations can lead the student and teacher to reflect on and question the pedagogical practices, enabling a change in attitude of the teacher. For me, I believe that the ideal learning surroundings is one in which subject and object is in unvaried change, allowing the construction of knowledge of both.Curr ently there are several learning environments that are being certain and supported this interaction between the students and teachers like, and may be used both in classroom situations, so as to support all actions taken by teachers during the teaching process, as the record their difficulties, doubts, discussions, opinions, allowing them a unalterable construction and reconstruction of their actions and the teaching clues to its interventions. The technology used in school should be facing real problems and difficulties of the majority in order to improve the quality of education, linked to the objectives and principles of the old school ways of teaching. ordering is increasingly technological every day and it is necessary to reform the school and the education in order to educated the student to master the new language used by the computer as tumefy as the need for the teacher to perfect these new techniques. Choy states that there will come a day that may jeopardize the future of the relationship between the professor and the student. I come to a chanceful point, I think that the chief reason instructors suggest that laptops be banned is one that they fear that most students who use laptops are not taking notes, but are waged in activities unrelated to the course instant messaging, e-mailing, storeping, palying poker and so on (Choy 274).Unfortunately many teachers still do not know how to use the laptops the first step is to learn how to do this because if the instructor is so boring that that students use laptops to shop and to write letters, well when the laptops are banned the students will probably bring in crossword puzzles or exercises from other courses (Choy 274) than something is wrong with the teacher. One must know what he can do, and then what to do with it. This does not mean that we know everything about laptops. First it is necessary to have certain knowledge with the most frequently used features such as the text editor, because the rest are learning a little trash every day.Also, learn to send and receive emails and surf the internet to know are prerequisites for anyone who wants to use the laptop in the classroom and learn to integrate the laptops as part of their lesson, in this way they can engage the students and keep their attention. We must remember that the laptop in the classroom will not replace teachers it will only help the student in several ways, transforming the classroom into a stimulating and attractive environment for students to develop their reasoning and creativity, thus contributing to helping them become autonomous learners. To make good use of the laptop in the classroom, the teacher must prepare and plan their activities with the students so that the result of this proposed work is achieved with this new technology.